Abstracts
Cryan, J.R. In Press. Molecular Phylogeny of Cicadomorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea, and Membracoidea): Adding Evidence to the Controversy. Systematic Entomology.
The hemipteran infraorder Cicadomorpha comprises the superfamilies Cicadoidea (cicadas), Cercopoidea (spittlebugs or froghoppers), and Membracoidea (leafhoppers and treehoppers). Earlier attempts to determine relationships among these three monophyletic lineages using either morphological or molecular data suffered from insufficient sampling (taxonomic and data) and problematic tree rooting, leading to discordant results. Presented here are phylogenetic reconstructions within Cicadomorpha based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from multiple genetic markers (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and histone 3) sequenced from representative taxa of Cicadidae, Tettigarctidae, Cercopidae, Aphrophoridae, Clastopteridae, Machaerotidae, Epipygidae, Cicadellidae, Membracidae, Myerslopiidae, and Aetalionidae. To test the robustness of phylogenetic signal, these sequence data were analyzed separately and in combination under various alignment parameters using both manual alignment (of both attenuated and full sequences) and alignment via ClustalX. Results demonstrate clearly that, despite alignment methodology used, basing a phylogeny on a single gene region often is misleading. Analyses of the combination of data sets support the major relationships within Cicadomorpha as (Membracoidea, (Cicadoidea, Cercopoidea)). Internal relationships recovered within each superfamily shows evidence for: 1) the placement of Myerslopiidae as the sister group of the remaining Membracoidea; 2) the paraphyly of Cicadellidae; 3) the sister group relationship between Machaerotidae and Clastopteridae; 4) the monophyly of Cercopidae; 5) the diversification of Epipygidae from within the possibly paraphyletic Aphrophoridae.
Cryan, J.R., and C.R. Bartlett. 2002. A redescription of the Caribbean treehopper genus Antillotolania Ramos (Hemiptera: Membracidae), with two new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95(3): 302-308.
The Caribbean treehopper genus Antillotolania Ramos, classified in the subfamily Stegaspidinae, is redescribed based on adult morphology. Antillotolania doramariae Ramos, the type species, is redescribed and illustrated; descriptions and illustrations are also given for A. microcentroides, new species from Guadeloupe and the British Virgin Islands, and A. extrema, new species from Puerto Rico. A key for the identification of adults is provided for the genus.
Cryan, J.R., and L.L. Deitz. 1995. Revision of the Neotropical treehopper genus Smerdalea Fowler (Homoptera: Membracidae) with two new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 88(1): 5-11.
The Neotropical treehopper genus Smerdalea Fowler is redescribed and an illustrated key is presented for the three species. Smerdalea circumflexa Cryan, from Ecuador, and S. elevata Cryan. from Peru, are described as new. S. horrescens, Fowler, from Central America and Mexico, is redescribed including the first description of the male.
Cryan, J.R., and L.L. Deitz. 1999a. Review of the New World treehopper tribe Stegaspidini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae): I: Bocydium Latreille, Lirania Stål, and Smerdalea Fowler. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(3): 469-489.
The tribe Stegaspidini Haupt, 1929 (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae) and three included genera -- Bocydium Latreille, Lirania Stål, and Smerdalea Fowler -- are described and illustrated based on adult and nymphal morphology. Bocydium has 15 valid species, including B. duoglobum Cryan, new species; Lirania is monotypic; and Smerdalea has 4 valid species, including S. imminens Cryan, new species. The genus Smerdalea is transferred from the tribe Microcentrini to Stegaspidini; a description of the previously unknown nymph of S. elevata Cryan is given. Updated taxonomic keys for the tribe and for the genera Bocydium and Smerdalea are presented; complete species checklists are compiled, with synonymies, for each genus.
Cryan, J.R., and L.L. Deitz. 1999b. Review of the New World treehopper tribe Stegaspidini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae): II: Lycoderes Germar, Oeda Amyot and Serville, and Stegaspis Germar. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101(4): 760-778.
Three genera in the treehopper tribe Stegaspidini Haupt -- Lycoderes Germar, Oeda Amyot and Serville, and Stegaspis Germar -- are redescribed and illustrated based on adult and nymphal morphology. Lycoderes has 36 valid species, including L. nathanieli Cryan, new species; Oeda has 4 valid species and Stegaspis has 2. Six previously described Lycoderes species are here placed to subgenus for the first time: L. fernandezi Strümpel, L. luteus Funkhouser, L. phasianus Fowler, and L. serraticornis Fowler are included in the subgenus Lycoderides Sakakibara; L. capitatus Buckton and L. minamen (Buckton) are included in the subgenus Lycoderes Germar. An updated taxonomic key and a complete species checklist, including all synonymies, are given for each genus.
Cryan, J.R., and L.L. Deitz. 2000. Review of the New World treehopper tribe Stegaspidini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae): III: Flexocentrus Goding, Stylocentrus Stål, and Umbelligerus Deitz. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102(1): 82-98.
Three genera in the treehopper tribe Stegaspidini Haupt -- Flexocentrus Goding, Stylocentrus Stål, and Umbelligerus Deitz -- are redescribed and illustrated based on adult and nymphal morphology. One new synonymy is included in this work: Flexocentrus brunneus Funkhouser is a new junior synonym of F. felinus (Haviland). Flexocentrus is now a monotypic genus; Stylocentrus and Umbelligerus have 3 valid species each. Updated taxonomic keys are given for Stylocentrus and Umbelligerus and a complete species checklist, including synonymies, is given for each genus.
Cryan, J.R., and L.L. Deitz. 2002. Enigmatic Treehoppers (Hemiptera: Membracidae): Deiroderes Ramos, Holdgatiella Evans, and Togotolania, New Genus. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 104(4): 867-882.
Two poorly known Neotropical treehopper genera, Deiroderes Ramos and Holdgatiella Evans, are revised and redescribed based on adult morphology. The Caribbean genus Deiroderes (unplaced within the subfamily Stegaspidinae) has three valid species including D. inornatus, new species (Jamaica). The Neotropical genus Holdgatiella (currently unplaced within Membracidae) has two valid species including H. stria, new species (Venezuela). In addition, a previously unknown Caribbean genus is here described, Togotolania, new genus, with two valid species: T. longicorna, new species (Dominican Republic) and T. brachycorna, new species (Guadeloupe). All species included in these three genera are illustrated, and keys are given for the identification of adults.
Cryan, J.R., J.A. Robertson, and L.L. Deitz. 2003. The New World Treehopper Tribe Microcentrini (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae): Monographic Revision and Phylogenetic Position. Thomas Say Publications (Monographs of the Entomological Society of America).
The tribe Microcentrini Deitz, 1975 (Hemiptera: Membracidae: Stegaspidinae), 4 included genera (Centroflexus, new genus; Centruchoides Fowler, 1896; Microcentrus Stål, 1869; Tumecauda Goding, 1930), and 25 species are described and illustrated based on adult and nymphal morphology. Centroflexus has one valid species, Centroflexus fasciatus, new species; Centruchoides has 2 valid species; Microcentrus has 18 valid species, including 9 new species: M. alius, M. astales, M. cyclocarinatus, M. diabolus, M. incomptus, M. lunatus, M. solussidus, M. vespertiliauris, and M. webbi; Tumecauda has 4 valid species, including T. pygmaea, new species. A lectotype is designated for Uroxiphus caryae Fitch, 1851 (now in Microcentrus). New synonymies in this work are as follows: Glischrocentrus Fowler, 1896, is a junior synonym of Microcentrus (with the new combination Microcentrus cucullatus (Fowler, 1896)); Microcentrus auritus Ball, 1933, is a junior synonym of M. lynx Ball, 1933; Dontonodus Funkhouser, 1930, and Disconotus Strümpel, 1988, are junior synonyms of Tumecauda (with new combinations T. magnifica (Strümpel, 1988) and T. serraticornis (Funkhouser, 1930), and reinstated combination T. schaefferi Goding, 1930). Results are presented from a preliminary, morphology-based phylogenetic investigation of basal treehopper relationships. Parsimony analyses of these data suggest the following assertions: (1) the monophyly of Microcentrini is supported by at least one synapomorphic character; (2) Microcentrini and Stegaspidini are monophyletic sister tribes; (3) the unplaced genera Antillotolania and Deiroderes are affiliated with Stegaspidinae; (4) the unplaced genus Holdgatiella is closely affiliated with Nicomiinae. Revised definitions are given for the subfamily Stegaspidinae and the tribe Microcentrini.
Cryan, J.R., J.K. Liebherr, J.W. Fetzner, Jr., and M.F. Whiting. 2001. Evaluation of relationships within the endemic Hawaiian Platynini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21(1): 72-85
Relationships among 69 species of Hawaiian Platynini, a monophyletic beetle radiation, are investigated based on evidence from five data partitions, comprising mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (cytochrome oxidase II, 624 bp; cytochrome B, 783 bp; 28S rDNA, 668 bp; wingless, 441 bp) and morphology (206 features of external and internal anatomy). Results from individual and combined data analyses generally support the monophyly of three putative divisions within Platynini in Hawaii: Division 0 (Colpocaccus species-group), Division 1 (Blackburnia species-group), and Division 2 (Metromenus species-group); however, relationships within and among these three divisions differ from previous morphological hypotheses. An extensive series of sensitivity analyses was performed to assess robustness of recovered clades under a variety of weighted parsimony conditions. Sensitivity analyses support the monophyly of Divisions 0 and 1, but were equivocal for the monophyly of Division 2. A phylogeny based on combined data suggests at least four independent losses/reductions of platynine flight wings. The combined analysis provides corroboration for biogeographic hypotheses, including: 1, colonization of Kauai by Hawaiian Platynini with subsequent dispersal and colonization along the island chain from Oahu to Maui Nui to Hawaii Island; and 2, incongruent area relationships among Eastern Molokai, West Maui, and Haleakala for two species triplets.
Cryan, J.R., B.M. Wiegmann, L.L. Deitz, and C.H. Dietrich. 2000. Phylogeny of the treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae): Evidence from two nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 17(2): 317-334.
We present a molecular systematic investigation of relationships among family-group taxa of Membracidae, comprising nearly 3.5 kb of nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear genes elongation factor-1a (EF-1a: 958 bp) and 28S ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA: 2,363 bp); data partitions are analyzed separately and in combination for 79 taxa. Analysis of the combined sequence data provided a better resolved and more robust hypothesis of membracid phylogeny than did separate analyses of the individual genes. Results support the monophyly of the family Membracidae and indicated the presence of two major lineages (Centrotinae + Stegaspidinae + Centrodontinae and Darninae + Membracinae + Smiliinae). Within Membracidae, molecular data support the following assertions: 1) the previously unplaced genera Antillotolania and Deiroderes form a monophyletic group with Microcentrini; 2) Centrodontini and Nessorhinini are monophyletic clades that arise independently from within the Centrotinae; 3) Centrotinae is paraphyletic with respect to Centrodontinae; 4) the subfamily Membracinae is monophyletic, and possibly allied with the darnine tribe Cymbomorphini; 5) the subfamily Darninae is paraphyletic; 6) the subfamily Smiliinae is paraphyletic, with molecular evidence indicating the exclusion of Micrutalini and perhaps Acutalini and Ceresini; and 7) Membracidae arose and diversified in the New World with multiple subsequent colonizations of the Old World. Our phylogenetic results suggest that morphology-based classifications of the Membracidae need to be re-evaluated in light of emerging molecular evidence.
Cryan, J.R., B.M. Wiegmann, L.L. Deitz, C.H. Dietrich, and M.F. Whiting. 2004. Treehopper trees: Phylogeny of Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea) based on molecules and morphology. Systematic Entomology 29: 441-454.
Recent, independent phylogenetic analyses of membracid relationships based on molecular and morphological data have identified monophyletic lineages within the family; however, results of these studies have not fully resolved treehopper phylogeny, and relationships among some higher membracid lineages remain in doubt. Portions of three data sets (958 aligned nucleotides from elongation factor-1a, 2363 aligned nucleotides from 28S ribosomal DNA, and 83 morphological features of adults and nymphs) introduced in recent studies are here reanalyzed separately and in combination with two new molecular data sets (321 aligned nucleotides from wingless and 1829 aligned nucleotides from 18S rDNA). Results of combined data analyses, contrary to previous analyses of morphological data alone, grouped membracids into two well-supported lineages, one comprising Stegaspidinae and Centrotinae, the other comprising Membracinae, Darninae and Smiliinae. The analyses recovered Centrotinae, Membracinae, and Darninae as monophyletic groups, but Stegaspidinae was paraphyletic with respect to Centrotinae, and Smiliinae was polyphyletic with Micrutalini placed as sister group to the clade comprising Membracinae, Darninae, and Smiliinae. These results are consistent with the following hypotheses, proposed previously based on analysis of morphological data: 1) the posterior pronotal process was derived and lost multiple times during the evolution of Membracidae; 2) Membracidae originated in the New World and reached the Old World subsequently via dispersal; 3) maternal care evolved independently multiple times and may or may not have been preceded by the acquisition of ant-mutualism.
Huber, B.S., D.V. Allred, J.C. Carmen, D.D. Frame, D.G. Whiting, J.R. Cryan, T.R. Olson, P.J. Jackson, K. Hill, M.T. Laker, and R.A. Robison. 2002. Random amplified polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of clinical Pasteurella multocida isolates from fatal fowl cholera infections. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40(6): 2163-2168.
Fowl cholera, a disease caused by Pasteurella multocida, continues to be a major problem for the poultry industry. The sources of pathogenic organisms responsible for most sporadic epidemics remain unconfirmed, although attenuated vaccines that retain a low level of virulence have occasionally been implicated in outbreaks of the disease. One of the vaccines most commonly used to prevent fowl cholera is the M-9 strain. In the present study, 61 clinical isolates from turkeys that died of fowl cholera from 1997 to 1999 on 36 Utah farms were analyzed and compared to the M-9 vaccine strain. Genetic analyses of the isolates were done by random amplified ploymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting. The results of these genetic analyses were correlated with the vaccination status of the flock, isolate serotype, and geographic location. Although both genetic techniques effectively identified similar subtle genomic differences, RAPD analysis provided only 77% of the detail provided by AFLP analysis. While a relationship between genetic profile and serotype was evident, no significant relationship indicating geographic influence was found (P=0.351). Interestingly, organisms isolated from vaccinated flocks were significantly closer genetically to the M-9 vaccine strain than isolates from unvaccinated birds were (P=0.020). Statistical analyses revealed that this relationship could not have been determined by serotyping alone (P=0.320), demonstrating the value of AFLP and RAPD analyses in the characterization of disease-causing strains.
Stunenas, V., J.R. Cryan, and D.P. Molloy. 2004. Comparison of rDNA sequences from colchicine treated and untreated sporocysts of Phyllodistomum folium and Bucephalus polymorphus (Digenea). Parasitology International 53(3): 223-228.
The most frequently used antimitotic agent in cytogenetic studies is colchicine. We investigated whether the initial treatment of trematodes for karyological analysis with colchicine would have mutagenic or degradational effect on rDNA sequences. Dreissena polymorpha is the intermediate host of Phyllodistomum folium and Bucephalus polymorphus, and the sporocyst stage of these trematode species develop, respectively, in the gills and gonads of this mussel. Sporocysts of P.folium and B. polymorphus were obtained from D. polymorpha collected from waterbodies in Belarus and in Lithuania. 5.8S and 28S rDNA genes, ITS1 and ITS2 of P. folium and B. polymorphus were sequencede and compared, and no nucleotide sequence differences between colchicine treated and untreated trematodes were found. Based on these results, we conclude that colchicine treatment for 3-5h has no mutagenic or degradational effect on rDNA sequences. During the course of this investigation, two genetically different P. folium samples were noted in Belarus.
Wilson, T.G., and J.R. Cryan. 1996. High genetic variability in Drosophila melanogaster for susceptibility to lufenuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor insecticide. In "Molecular Genetics and Evolution of Pesticide Resistance," (T.M. Brown, Ed.), American Chemical Society Symposium Series #645: 141-148 (Chapter 15).
Chitin synthesis inhibitors are potent insecticides against certain insects, including Drosophila melanogaster. The benzoylphenyl urea compound lufenuron was tested against both laboratory and natural population strains of this insect. Laboratory strains were highly susceptible to this compound, while natural population strains from two widely separated locations in the U.S. exhibited considerable (as much as 100-fold) resistance. This insecticide has not seen significant field use - indeed, this entire class of insectides represents only minor usage - and the resistance may be due to cross-resistance to a previously used insecticide. Since D. melanogaster is not under direct insecticide selection pressure, these results suggest that strong selection for insecticide resistance can occur in insects indirectly affected by an insecticide.
Wilson, T.G., and J.R. Cryan. 1997. Lufenuron, a chitin-synthesis inhibitor, interrupts development of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Experimental Zoology 278: 37-44.
The chitin-synthesis inhibitor lufenuron was administered to Drosophila melanogaster to better understand the effects of chitin-synthesis interruption during the development and reproduction of this insect. When larvae were fed a diet containing a low concentration (less than 1 ppm) of lufenuron, mortality was observed during either larval or pupal development, depending on the dose. Survivor adults were unable to fly, probably due to abnormal cuticular development in the wing hinge regions of the thorax. Larvae fed a higher concentration (10 ppm) completed development within that instar, but died during ecdysis to the next instar, presumably due to inadequate cuticle synthesis. Third instar larvae pupariated, but the puparium was abnormal, and pupation did not occur. Adults fed 10 ppm showed normal viability but slightly depressed oogenesis; additionally, although their eggs were fertilized, they failed to hatch. Examination of the embryos showed that they completed development, but were unable to perforate the surrounding vitelline membrane, probably due to a weakened chitinous mouth hook assembly that was insufficiently rigid to effect hatching. These results identify stages during D. melanogaster development when chitin synthesis and deposition are critical. This information will be useful for identifying chitin-synthesis mutants of this insect.
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