03089nas a2200145 4500008004100000245009600041210006900137490000800206520257400214100001602788700001802804700002502822700001802847856007802865 2023 eng d00aRooting Portions of a Young Pseudosporochnalean from the Catskill Delta Complex of New York0 aRooting Portions of a Young Pseudosporochnalean from the Catskil0 v1843 a

Premise of research. Pseudosporochnales (Cladoxylopsida) were conspicuous elements of the Earth’s earliest forests. Recent evidence has done much to clarify basic aspects of the pseudosporochnalean architecture, but important questions remain about the developmental processes responsible for growth from juvenile individuals to trees of sometimes considerable size.

Methodology. Presented here is combined compression/permineralization evidence of a young member of the group from a late Devonian (early Frasnian) locality also containing Eospermatopteris (Wattieza), currently the largest reconstructed pseudosporochnalean tree. Standard pyrite preparations were made and analyzed with reflected light.

Pivotal results. The anatomically preserved portion of the trunk with an expanded base lacking a central vascular column shows abundant evidence of appendages with apparent rooting function supplied by traces comprised of primary and often secondary xylem. Traces arise within parenchyma near the trunk center and follow lax courses with multiple divisions outward and downward to the surface, finally enveloping the plant base for some distance. In the upper portion of the specimen, likely near the transition between the base bearing rooting appendages and the aerial shoot, the traces form a vascular plexus toward the periphery of the stem, with the bulk of vascular tissues comprising secondary xylem. Similar but differently oriented vascularization also occurs near the base.

Conclusions. Here we hypothesize a unique form of “bipolar” development in this specimen, and potentially all pseudosporochnaleans, by means of a trunk base bearing an appendicular system of positively geotropic rooting appendages. In addition, we hypothesize that diffuse meristematic activity of the base plus the vascular plexus may have a previously unrecognized role in the development of pseudosporochnaleans from the small specimen observed here to large body size. We also suggest that this tissue offers an explanation for the enigmatic genus Xenocladia known from tissue fragments of large size found in coeval marine sediments of New York State. Given current incomplete understanding of development within the Pseudosprochnales, considering the rooting system as sui generis confers the advantage of adequate description of this organ, without necessarily specifying correspondence or homology with other groups.

1 aStein, W.E.1 aBerry, C., M.1 aVanAller Hernick, L.1 aMannolini, F. uhttps://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/726108?journalCode=ijps00547nas a2200169 4500008004100000245009700041210006900138300001200207490000800219653001700227100001600244700001800260700002500278700001600303700001600319856004200335 2007 eng d00aGiant Cladoxylopsid Trees Resolve the Enigma of the Earth's Earliest Forest Stumps at Gilboa0 aGiant Cladoxylopsid Trees Resolve the Enigma of the Earths Earli a904-9070 v44610apaleontology1 aStein, W.E.1 aMannolini, F.1 aVanAller Hernick, L.1 aLanding, E.1 aBerry, C.M. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05705