02253nas a2200265 4500008004100000022001400041245009000055210006900145260001600214300001000230490000700240520144200247653001701689653001101706653001701717653001501734653003101749653005401780100001901834700001801853700002001871700002301891700001801914856005501932 2016 eng d a1064-755400aAre Hypsodonty and Occlusal Enamel Complexity Evolutionarily Correlated in Ungulates?0 aAre Hypsodonty and Occlusal Enamel Complexity Evolutionarily Cor cJan-05-2016 a43-470 v233 a

The spread of grasslands and cooling climate in the Miocene contributed to an increasingly abrasive diet for ungulates. This increase in abrasiveness is proposed to select for both hypsodonty and increasing complexity of occlusal enamel bands. If these traits evolved in response to strong selection to resist tooth wear while feeding in grassland habitats, we might expect them to have evolved in a correlated fashion. If, on the other hand, there was a developmental or physiological constraint, or if selection was not strong on total enamel production, we would expect species to have evolved one or the other of these traits at a time, producing an uncorrelated, or even inversely correlated, pattern of trait evolution. To test these hypotheses, we examined the Occlusal Enamel Index (OEI) and Hypsodonty Index (HI) of 773 ungulate teeth. We tested the dependence of OEI on HI for the orders Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla using phylogenetic generalized least squares regression (PGLS). The two traits are not significantly correlated in the PGLS, for Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. Despite their physical proximity, close functional utility, and conventional correlation, our results reject the hypothesis that HI and OEI are evolutionarily linked in these lineages, suggesting that selection to resist tooth wear was not so strong as to drive the overall evolutionary trajectory of both these traits at the same time.

10aArtiodactyla10aEquini10aHipparionini10ahypsodonty10aOcclusal enamel complexity10aPhylogenetic generalized least squares regression1 aFamoso, N., A.1 aDavis, E., B.1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aHopkins, S., S. B.1 aPrice, S., A. uhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10914-015-9296-702638nas a2200217 4500008004100000245013100041210006900172300001200241490000800253520196600261653001702227653002202244653001202266653001302278653001102291653001002302100001902312700002002331700001802351856005102369 2013 eng d00aOcclusal Enamel Complexity and Its Implications for Lophodonty, Hypsodony, Body Mass, and Diet in Extinct and Extant Ungulates0 aOcclusal Enamel Complexity and Its Implications for Lophodonty H a211-2160 v3873 a

Tooth morphology and rates of wear have strong controls on how well mammals survive in their habitats. Herbivorous mammals, specifically ungulates, combat the effects of wear through a combination of changing the occlusal (chewing surface) enamel length, and changing hypsodonty (relative height of tooth). Changes in these two attributes are most notably seen in the fossil record of ungulates as they adapted to living in cooler, drier, and more open habitats. We expect enamel length and hypsodonty to be greater in ungulate taxa that feed on grasses than in non-grass feeders. We tested this hypothesis by digitally photographing 213 maxillary tooth rows from 84 species of extinct and extant ungulates (n = 1083 teeth) and measuring their occlusal enamel length and true occlusal area. We then statistically compared the influences of taxonomy, feeding strategy, tooth position, and tooth area on both hypsodonty and occlusal enamel length using principal components analysis (PCA) and a nested multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of our PCA indicated a strong correlation between enamel length and tooth area, but little correlation of either with hypsodonty. Our nested MANOVA showed that tooth position had no significant relationship with hypsodonty (p = 0.1539), while all other factors were significant for both hypsodonty and occlusal enamel length. Our results suggest that the occlusal enamel length in ungulate teeth is constrained by both the size of the tooth (and, by proxy, the mass of the individual) and diet. Absolute tooth crown height is similarly affected by a combination of body size and diet, leading to the use of a ratio, hypsodonty index, to characterize the diet component. We propose a similar ratio, the occlusal enamel index (OEI) which reduces the effect of body mass to clearly indicate the component of enamel length determined by abrasiveness of ingested material.

10aArtiodactyla10aEnamel complexity10aEquidae10aIsometry10aMammal10aTeeth1 aFamoso, N., A.1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aDavis, E., B. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.006