02115nas a2200253 4500008004100000245011600041210006900157300001200226490000700238520133100245653001501576653001201591653002601603653002601629653002401655653001701679653001301696653002601709653002201735100002101757700002101778700001701799856004501816 1997 eng d00aNonassociation of Paleoindians with AMS-Dated Late Pleistocene Mammals from the Dutchess Quarry Caves, New York0 aNonassociation of Paleoindians with AMSDated Late Pleistocene Ma a105-1160 v473 a

AMS14C ages of 10 bones of the caribou (Rangifer tarandus), flat-headed peccary (Platygonus compressus), and giant beaver (Castoroides ohioensis) from the Dutchess Quarry Caves, New York, range from 13,840 ± 80 to 11,670 ± 70 yr B.P. No bones from any of these species are demonstrably associated with Paleoindian artifacts (fluted points) or other cultural materials from the sites because the bones lack unequivocal stratigraphic association with artifacts, as well as physical (taphonomic) evidence for human association (e.g., burning, cut marks, distinctive breakage). Together with the Holocene conventional14C dates of charcoal and the varied stratigraphic proveniences of the fluted points and the dated bones, the new AMS14C dates argue that most strata at the Dutchess Quarry Caves contain a mixture of late Pleistocene and Holocene materials. This mixing probably resulted from post-depositional bioturbation (by humans, rodents, carnivores, and scavengers) and cryoturbation (annual freeze–thaw cycles). Rather than being of cultural origin, the bones of caribou, flat-headed peccary, and giant beaver likely were deposited in the Dutchess Quarry Caves by nonhuman predators or scavengers, such as ursids, canids, felids, condors, or eagles.

10aAMS dating10acaribou10aCastoroides ohioensis10aDutchess Quarry Caves10aflat-headed peccary10agiant beaver10aNew York10aPlatygonus compressus10aRangifer tarandus1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aStafford, T., W.1 aFunk, R., E. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.186001189nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001400197490000800211520072500219653003800944100002100982856005201003 1995 eng d00aPrehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds: Biodiversity Meets Archaeozoology0 aPrehistoric Extinctions of Pacific Island Birds Biodiversity Mee a1123-11310 v2673 a

On tropical Pacific islands, a human-caused "biodiversity crisis" began thousands of years ago and has nearly run its course. Bones identified from archaeological sites show that most species of land birds and populations of seabirds on those islands were exterminated by prehistoric human activities. The loss of birdlife in the tropical Pacific may exceed 2000 species (a majority of which were species of flightless rails) and thus represents a 20 percent worldwide reduction in the number of species of birds. The current global extinction crisis therefore has historic precedent.

10aanthropology biology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5201.112301685nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011500041210006900156300001200225490000700237520117600244653002501420100002101445700001401466856005901480 1994 eng d00aBiogeography and Prehistoric Exploitation of Birds from Fais Island, Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia0 aBiogeography and Prehistoric Exploitation of Birds from Fais Isl a116-1350 v483 a

Five archaeological sites on the remote, raised limestone island of Fais, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia, yielded nearly 200 identifiable bird bones from strata that range in age from about 400 to 1800 radiocarbon yr B.P. Represented are 14 species of seabirds, five species of migratory shorebirds, four species of land birds, and the introduced chicken. This is the most species-rich
prehistoric assemblage of birds from any island in Micronesia. Because the "modern" avifauna of Fais never has been studied, it is difficult to determine which of the species from archaeological contexts still occur on Fais. Nevertheless, based upon modern distributions of birds from other islands in Yap and adjacent island groups, the environmental condition of Fais, and what is known
about the relative vulnerability of individual species, it is likely that about nine of the seabirds (Pterodroma sp., Bulweria bulwerii, Sula dactylatra, S. sula, Sterna sumatrana, S. lunata, S./uscata, Anous minutus, Procelsterna cerulea) and three
of the land birds (Poliolimnas cinereus, Gallicolumba cf. xanthonura, Ducula oceanica) no longer live on Fais..

10aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aIntoh, M. uhttp://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/220301636nas a2200169 4500008004100000245008900041210006900130300001200199490000700211520110300218653002501321100002101346700002401367700001601391700001901407856004001426 1994 eng d00aNew Information on Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico0 aNew Information on Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave a577-5890 v963 a
We report 90 bird bones representing 18 species from recent excavations at San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico. The new material increases the avifauna of this rich late Pleistocene locality from 52 to 62 species. Eight of the 10 newly recorded taxa are extant; each is either of temperate rather than tropical affinities (such as the American Woodcock Scolopax minor and Pinyon Jay Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) or is very wide-spread in its modern distribution. The two extinct taxa are a stork (Ciconia sp. or Mycteria sp.) and Geococcyx californianus conklingi, a large temporal subspecies of the Greater Road-runner. In this region of the Sierra Madre Oriental (about lat. 24°N, long. 100°W, elev. 2,000-2,600 m), the late Pleistocene avifauna was a mixture of species that today prefer coniferous or pine-oak forests/woodlands, grasslands/savannas, and wetlands. As with various late Pleistocene plant and mammal communities of the United States and México, no clear modern analog exists for the late Pleistocene avifauna of San Josecito Cave.
10abiology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aArroyo-Cabrales, J.1 aJohnson, E.1 aGuzman, A., F. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/136946000501nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001000210490000700220653002500227100002100252700001900273700002200292856004100314 1994 eng d00aStratigraphy, Chronology, and Cultural Context of an Early Faunal Assemblage from Easter Island0 aStratigraphy Chronology and Cultural Context of an Early Faunal  a79-960 v3310aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aVargas, C., P.1 aChristino, F., C. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/4292830201543nas a2200157 4500008004100000245006300041210006300104300001200167490000700179520108700186653001701273653001801290653001701308100002101325856003901346 1993 eng d00aBiogeography of Tongan Birds Before and After Human Impact0 aBiogeography of Tongan Birds Before and After Human Impact a818-8220 v903 a
Bones deposited in caves show that, before the arrival of humans, at least 27 species of land birds lived on the Tongan island of 'Eua, where 13 indigenous species live today. Six of these 13 species were recorded from pre-human strata; three others probably occurred on 'Eua in pre-human times but were not in the fossil sample; and four others probably colonized 'Eua since the arrival of humans ≈3000 years ago. Of the 23 species of extinct or extirpated land birds recorded from 'Eua, the nearest geographic occurrences of conspecifics or most closely related congeners are from the Solomon Islands (1 species), New Caledonia (2 species), Fiji and/or Samoa (9 species), elsewhere in Tonga (8 species), or unknown (3 species). The avifauna of West Polynesia (Fiji-Tonga-Samoa) is more closely related to that of Melanesia than that of East Polynesia. There was little pre-human turnover in Tongan land birds. The arrival of humans has influenced the Tongan avifauna more than any climatic, tectonic, or biological event of the past ≈100,000 years.
10aBiogeography10ahuman impacts10aTongan birds1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/23609002289nas a2200181 4500008004100000245010500041210006900146300000900215490000800224520150500232653001301737653002101750653002301771100002101794700001801815700001401833856026001847 1993 eng d00aLate Pleistocene and Holocene Vertebrates from Joralemon's (Fish Club) Cave, Albany County, New York0 aLate Pleistocene and Holocene Vertebrates from Joralemons Fish C a9-150 v1053 a

At least 35 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were recovered from excavations conducted in 1988 and 1990 at Joralemon's Cave, Town of Coeymans. Albany County, New York. Formerly known as Fish Club Cave, this site was excavated initially in 1962-1964 by R.E. Funk and R.A. Johnson, who reported bones of whitetailed deer (96% of all bones) and five other species associated with lithic artifacts of Woodland and Late Archaic age. Our more recent excavations yielded bones of one
species that no longer occurs in New York State (Neotoma magister, Allegheny woodrat) and three other species that either are absent or extremely rare within 70-20 km of the site (Crotalus horridus, timber rattlesnake; Synaptomys cooperi, southern bog lemming; Ursus americanus, black bear). Our larger, faunal assemblage, obtained front a much smaller volume of excavated sediment, reflects: 1) the use of finemesh (1/16-in) screens: 2), faunal and cultural differences between the front and back of the cave; and 3) a search image oriented as much to bones as artifacts. While Joralemon's Care clearly is an archaeological site, it is also partly paleontological in origin (i.e., it contains bones deposited by non-human means). We believe that the vertebrate faunas
from most "archaeological" sites in caves and rockshelters include a significant paleontological component that should be regarded as such when interpreting faunal assemblages in terms of human subsistence.

10aHolocene10alate Pleistocene10avertebrate fossils1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aCraig, L., J.1 aEngel, T. uhttps://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&ved=0ahUKEwjWoLbMvbvJAhWC7yYKHTwKBMEQFggsMAM&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnysarchaeology.org%2Fdownload%2Fnysaa%2Fbulletin%2Fnumber_105.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFwOZNNDMqj2r_2Bn5NDGi2Xeuqqw&sig2=7fBB8EA76CbCKmv9aEo00432nas a2200121 4500008004100000245006000041210005900101300001000160490000700170653001200177100002100189856010000210 1992 eng d00aExtinct and Extirpated Birds from Rota, Mariana Islands0 aExtinct and Extirpated Birds from Rota Mariana Islands a71-840 v2510abiology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/extinct-and-extirpated-birds-rota-mariana-islands02234nas a2200145 4500008004100000245007800041210006900119300001200188490000600200520177000206653002501976100002102001700002102022856004502043 1992 eng d00aExtinction and Biogeography of Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia0 aExtinction and Biogeography of Huahine Society Islands French Po a449-4830 v73 a

This study is based upon the identification of 336 bird bones from the Fa'ahia archaeological site, Huahine, French Polynesia. The bones represent birds that were killed for their flesh, feathers, or bones by prehistoric Polynesians. The radiocarbon ages of excavated strata at Fa'ahia range from about 1140 ± 90 to 770 ± 90 yr B.P. The bird bones represent 15 species of resident seabirds, 15 species of resident landbirds, four migrant species, and one introduced species. The only extinct seabird is a gull, Larus new species, although locally extirpated seabirds are Puffinus pacificus, Puffinus nativitatis, Puffinus lherminieri, Pterodroma rostrata, Pterodroma alba, Pterodroma arminjoniana, Sula leucogaster, Sula sula, Fregata minor, Fregata ariel, and Anous minutus. Extinct landbirds are Gallirallus new species, Gallicolumba nui, Macropygia arevarevauupa, Vini vidivici, Vini cf. sinotoi, and Aplonis diluvialis. Locally extirpated landbirds are Ardeola striata, Porzana tabuensis, Gallicolumba erythroptera, Ducula galeata, Ducula aurorae, and Acrocephalus caffer. The bones from Fa'ahia increase the seabird and landbird fauna of Huahine, from the historically known 3 to 15 species and from 7 to 18 species, respectively. Thus the number of species from Huahine is even greater than those from nearby Tahiti, which has a much greater land area and elevation. The occurrence of so many extinct or extirpated species of birds at the Fa'ahia site suggests that this site represents a very early phase of human occupation on Huahine, probably no more than 500 years after the first arrival of people on this previously undisturbed island ecosystem.

10aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aPahlavan, D., S. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gea.334007050300605nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010400041210006900145260007400214300001200288653002500300100002100325700001900346856010600365 1992 eng d00aNew Species of Gallicolumba and Macropygia (Aves: Columbidae) from Archeological Sites in Polynesia0 aNew Species of Gallicolumba and Macropygia Aves Columbidae from  aLos Angeles, CaliforniabNatural History Museum of Los Angeles County a329-34810aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aBecker, J., J. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/new-species-gallicolumba-and-macropygia-aves-columbidae01303nas a2200169 4500008004100000245007500041210007000116300001200186490000700198520075700205653003800962100002101000700002101021700002001042700002001062856005101082 1991 eng d00aChronology of Holocene Vertebrate Extinction in the Galápagos Islands0 aChronology of Holocene Vertebrate Extinction in the Galápagos Is a126-1330 v363 a
Eleven conventional and 15 AMS (accelerator mass spectrometer) radiocarbon dates establish chronologies for nine Holocene vertebrate fossil sites in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. A Holocene fossil record approaching 500,000 bones, more than 90% of which predate the arrival of people, shows that most or all cases of extinction or extirpation in the Galápagos occurred after first human contact in AD 1535. This is especially significant for two species of large rodents (Megaoryzomys spp.) that are known only from bones found in lava tubes. The highest rate of background (prehuman) extinction interpreted from the Galápagos fossil record is probably hundreds of times less than the modern rate of human-related extinction.
10aanthropology biology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aStafford, T., W.1 aDonahue, D., J.1 aJull, A., J. T. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90021-V02377nas a2200133 4500008004100000245007900041210006900120300001200189490000700201520192000208653001202128100002102140856008202161 1991 eng d00aExtinct and Extirpated Birds from Aitutaki and Atiu, Southern Cook Islands0 aExtinct and Extirpated Birds from Aitutaki and Atiu Southern Coo a325-3470 v453 a

Six archaeological sites up to 1000 years old on Aitutaki, Cook Islands, have yielded bones of 15 species of birds, five of which no longer occur on the island: Pterodroma rostrata (Tahiti Petrel); Sula sula (Red-footed Booby); Dendrocygna, undescribed sp. (a large, extinct whistling duck); Porzana tabuensis (Sooty Crake); and Vini kuhlii (Rimatara Lorikeet). Of these, only S. sula and P. tabuensis survive anywhere in the Cook Islands Today. The nearest record of any species of Dendrocygna is in Fiji. Aside from the aquatic species Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Heron) and Anas superciliosa (Gray Duck), the only native, resident land bird on Aitutaki today is the Society Islands Lorikeet (Vini peru viana), which may have been introduced from Tahiti. Residents of Aitutaki note that Ducula pacifica (Pacific Pigeon) and Ptilinopus rarotongensis (Cook Islands Fruit-Dove) also occurred there until the 1940s or 1950s.There is no indigenous forest on Aitutaki today. The bones from Aitutaki also include the island's first record of the fruit bat Pteropus tonganus. Limestone caves on the island of Atiu yielded the undated bones of six species of birds, three of which no longer exist there or anywhere else in the Cook Islands: Gallicolumba erythroptera (Society Islands Ground-Dove), Ducula aurorae (Society Islands Pigeon), and Vini kuhlii. Each of these species has been recovered from prehistoric sites on Mangaia as well. The limestone terrain of Atiu is mostly covered with native forest that supports populations of Ducula pacifica, Ptilinopus rarotongensis, Collocalia sawtelli (Atiu Swiftlet), and Halcyon tuta (Chattering Kingfisher). The survival of these land birds depends upon protection of Atiu's forests.

10abiology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttp://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/1400/1/v45n4-325-347.pdf00468nas a2200133 4500008004100000245005300041210005000094260003400144300001200178653001200190100002100202700001800223856009300241 1991 eng d00aExtinction of Species: Past, Present, and Future0 aExtinction of Species Past Present and Future aNew York, New YorkbRoutledge a156-16910abiology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aWyman, R., L. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/extinction-species-past-present-and-future01657nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008800041210006900129300001200198490000600210520117300216653001201389100002101401700002001422700001701442856004001459 1990 eng d00aAbsence of Blood Parasites in Indigenous Birds from the Cook Islands, South Pacific0 aAbsence of Blood Parasites in Indigenous Birds from the Cook Isl a398-4040 v43 a
We found no protozoan parasites in 79 blood smears of birds from the Cook Islands, South Pacific. Our sample consisted of 55 smears from nine indigenous species of land and aquatic birds, and 24 smears from one introduced land bird. The absence or scarcity of avian hematozoa in the Cook Islands is probably due to a very low prevalence of infection among introduced and naturally colonizing species of birds, rather than a scarcity of insect vectors. On one hand, the apparent absence or extreme scarcity of avian hematozoa, particularly the malaria-causing Plasmodium spp., is fortunate from a conservation standpoint, considering the devastating impact that Plasmodium from human-introduced mosquitoes and birds has had on the indigenous avifauna of Hawaii during the past century. On the other hand, our results suggest that the indigenous birds of the Cook Islands, much like those of Hawaii, would have little natural resistance to avian malaria should it be introduced. Thus precautions should be taken to prohibit the introduction of potentially infected nonnative birds or mosquitoes in the Cook Islands and elsewhere in Polynesia.
10abiology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aGreiner, E., C.1 aWood, C., S. uhttp://www.jstor.org/stable/238593300535nas a2200145 4500008004100000245012700041210006900168300001200237490000700249653001200256100002100268700002100289700001800310856006100328 1990 eng d00aExtinction, Biogeography, and Human Exploitation of Birds on Tikopia and Anuta, Polynesian Outliers in the Solomon Islands0 aExtinction Biogeography and Human Exploitation of Birds on Tikop a118-1530 v3010abiology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aPahlavan, D., S.1 aKirch, P., V. uhttp://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op30p118.pdf01992nas a2200145 4500008004100000245007200041210006900113300001400182490000700196520154000203653001201743100002101755700001801776856005201794 1990 eng d00aPrehistoric Extinction of Birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia0 aPrehistoric Extinction of Birds on Mangaia Cook Islands Polynesi a9605-96090 v873 a

Mangaia (Cook Islands) consists of a weathered volcanic interior encircled by limestones known as the makatea. Excavations at Tangatatau Rockshelter (site MAN-44), located on the inner cliff of the makatea, produced a stratified sequence of Polynesian artifacts and faunal remains ranging from A.D. 1000-1100 to A.D. 1500-1600. Resident species of birds represented at MAN-44 include nine seabirds (at least three extirpated on Mangaia) and 12 land birds (eight extirpated or extinct). Seven of the extinct/extirpated land birds are confined to the site's four lowest stratigraphic zones, which represent the first 200-300 yr of human occupation at MAN-44. During this time, human exploitation of vertebrates switched from primarily native land birds to almost exclusively small reef fish, domesticates (chickens, pigs), and commensals (rats). Sediment cores from a lake 0.9 km from MAN-44 show clear palynological and stratigraphic signals of human presence on Mangaia, especially forest clearance of the volcanic interior, beginning at 1600 yr B.P. The rugged makatea must have provided a forest refuge for birds during the first 700 yr of human presence, after which Mangaians exploited the previously little used makatea because forest resources (trees, other plants, birds) had been depleted on the now badly eroded volcanic interior. MAN-44 is the oldest archaeological site known on Mangaia. Whether other species of birds were lost in the period of human activity that preceded occupation of MAN-44 remains to be seen.

10abiology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aKirch, P., V. uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/87/24/9605.abstract06404nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241520590600248653002506154100002106179856007006200 1989 eng d00aExtinction of birds in Eastern Polynesia: A Review of the Record, and Comparisons with other Pacific Island Groups0 aExtinction of birds in Eastern Polynesia A Review of the Record  a177-2050 v163 a
The study of bones from archaeological sites in Eastern Polynesia has revealed much late Holocene extinction of birds. Because this extinction has been found in all Eastern Polynesian archipelagos where bird bones are part of the archaeological record (Marquesas, Society, Pitcairn, and Cook island groups), similar levels of extinction are likely to be found in other Eastern Polynesian island groups (Line, Tuamotu, Gambier, Austral, Easter), if the evidence is sought. Human impact is the most plausible explanation for these extinctions, which begin immediately after peopling of the islands about 2000 years ago and diminish only after the avifaunas are largely depleted.
The sites yielding bones of extinct birds include limestone caves, volcanic rockshelters, calcareous beach sands, and organic estuarine sediments. Most of the fossil avifaunas are biased toward large species because traditional techniques of archaeological excavation have recovered very few bones of small birds such as swifts, kingfishers, and passerines. A rich record of small species has been recovered from the few sites where screens of 116 in. mesh have been used.
More species of Eastern Polynesian landbirds have become extinct since human arrival than survive in the region today. Extirpation, which refers to loss of individual island populations of extant species, is another major contributor to the loss of avian diversity in Eastern Polynesia; nearly all species of birds that have survived, whether seabirds or landbirds, no longer occur on most of the islands that once made up their natural (= pre-human) range. Fossils from archaeological sites have extended the ranges of many extant species by hundreds to thousands of kilometers. Such species, traditionally regarded as endemic to one or several islands, were widespread until human influences caused their disappearance from island after island.
Petrels and shearwaters have undergone the greatest losses among Eastern Polynesian seabirds, although storm-petrels, boobies, frigatebirds, gulls, terns, herons, and ducks have also been affected. The losses of Eastern Polynesian landbirds are dominated by extinctions of rails (mostly flightless species confined to single islands), and the extinctions or extirpations of pigeons, parrots, passerines, and, to a lesser extent, swifts and kingfishers.
The fossil record of birds in Western Polynesia (Niue, Tonga, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu) is very limited. From Tonga, an extirpated petrel and shearwater, two extinct megapodes, and three extinct pigeons are known from Lifuka, and an extirpated shearwater, tern, rail, ground-dove, and two or three passerines have been found on 'Eua. An extinct pigeon has been described from Wallis. From Lakeba, in the Lau Group of Fiji (culturally Melanesian, faunally Western Polynesian), an extinct megapode and pigeon are known. There is no fossil record from Vanuatu or the Solomon Islands except for the very small Polynesian outlier islands of Tikopia and Anuta, where archaeological remains include extirpated shearwaters, boobies, terns, megapode, and rail. An extensive late Holocene fossil assemblage from New Caledonia includes extinct or extirpated snipe, rails, kagu, hawks, magapodes, pigeons, owls, and owlet-nightjar. The evidence from Tonga, Wallis, Fiji, and New Caledonia suggests that the Western Polynesian-Melanesian fossil record, when known more fully, may disclose as much ormore extinction as in Eastern Polynesia. There is no fossil record of birds from Micronesia.
The loss of avian diversity in Eastern Polynesia is comparable in severity to that recorded from late Holocene sites (archaeological and non-archaeological) in the two major outlying Polynesian island groups, Hawaii and New Zealand. As in Eastern Polynesia, most or all Holocene extinction in the highly endemic avifaunas of Hawaii and New Zealand postdates the arrival of people during the past two millennia. Humans seem to be responsible for these extinctions.
The late Holocene fossil record of the Galapagos Islands differs from those in Eastern Polynesia, Hawaii, or New Zealand in the relative abundance of reptiles (tortoises, lizards, snakes) and mammals (bats, rodents). Most fossil deposits in the Galapagos consist of bony prey-remains of the Galapagos barn owl (Tyto punctatissima). (Although the ecologically similar common barn owl, T. alba, occurs through much of Western Polynesia and Melanesia, only on 'Eua have T. alba-derived fossil deposits been collected.) Other Galapagos fossil deposits are derived from natural trap activity; unlike in Polynesia, none is anthropogenic.
As in Eastern Polynesia, there are no clear-out cases of vertebrate extinction in the Galapagos that predate the arrival of people. Most avian losses in the Galapagos involve local populations rather than entire species. The extinction of birds in the Galapagos is less extensive than in Eastern Polynesia, Hawaii, or New Zealand, for the following reasons:

(1) the period of human occupation is shorter (200 versus 2000 or 3000 years);

(2) human populations have been much lower because of the less hospitable terrain, including many islands that have never been inhabited;

(3) Galapagos birds never have been a major source of food for humans;

(4) the Galapagos avifauna has been given legal protection for the past three decades;

(5) introduced birds are absent on most islands;

(6) introduced mammals and plants are scarce or absent on many islands.

Most Galapagos extinctions have occurred only on the particular islands where the level of human impact (habitat alterations, introduced mammals) has approached that of many Polynesian islands.
10aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030544038990065400415nas a2200121 4500008004100000245004700041210004700088300001400135490000800149653002500157100002100182856009000203 1989 eng d00aFossil Birds and Biogeography in Polynesia0 aFossil Birds and Biogeography in Polynesia a1526-15340 vXIX10abiology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/fossil-birds-and-biogeography-polynesia00511nas a2200121 4500008004100000245011400041210006900155300001200224490000800236653001200244100002100256856011200277 1989 eng d00aNew Species and Records of Birds (Aves: Megapodiidae, Columbidae) from an Archeological Site on Lifuka, Tonga0 aNew Species and Records of Birds Aves Megapodiidae Columbidae fr a537-5520 v10210abiology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/new-species-and-records-birds-aves-megapodiidae-columbidae-fr00508nas a2200121 4500008004100000245010700041210006900148300001200217490000700229653002500236100002100261856010400282 1989 eng d00aA new species of Starling (Sturnidae, Aplonis) From an Archaeological Site on Huahine, Society Islands0 anew species of Starling Sturnidae Aplonis From an Archaeological a161-1690 v3610aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/new-species-starling-sturnidae-aplonis-archaeological00440nam a2200121 4500008004100000245004600041210004300087260005300130653001200183100002100195700001600216856008600232 1988 eng d00aGalapagos : Discovery on Darwin's Islands0 aGalapagos Discovery on Darwins Islands aWashington, D. C.bSmithsonian Institution Press10abiology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aZousmer, S. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/galapagos-discovery-darwins-islands00504nas a2200121 4500008004100000245009900041210006900140300001200209490000800221653002500229100002100254856010700275 1988 eng d00aA New Species of Porphyrio (Aves: Rallidae) from Archaeological Sites in the Marquesas Islands0 aNew Species of Porphyrio Aves Rallidae from Archaeological Sites a162-1700 v10110aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/new-species-porphyrio-aves-rallidae-archaeological-sites00596nas a2200145 4500008004100000245012200041210006900163300001200232490000800244653002500252100002100277700002000298700002100318856011100339 1988 eng d00aA New Subspecies and New Records of Papasula abbotti (Aves: Sulidae) from Archeological Sites in the Tropical Pacific0 aNew Subspecies and New Records of Papasula abbotti Aves Sulidae  a487-4950 v10110aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aSchubel, S., E.1 aPahlavan, D., S. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/new-subspecies-and-new-records-papasula-abbotti-aves-sulidae00492nas a2200145 4500008004100000245004000041210004000081260004700121300001000168653002500178100002100203700001900224700002000243856008300263 1988 eng d00aPrehistoric Birds of New York State0 aPrehistoric Birds of New York State aIthaca, New YorkbCornell University Press a19-2410abiology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aAndrle, R., F.1 aCarroll, J., R. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/prehistoric-birds-new-york-state00640nas a2200157 4500008004100000245008000041210006900121260005900190300001100249653003800260100002100298700001700319700001900336700002100355856010600376 1988 eng d00aVertebrates from the Late Quaternary Hiscock Site, Genesee County, New York0 aVertebrates from the Late Quaternary Hiscock Site Genesee County aBuffalo, New YorkbBuffalo Society of Natural Sciences a95-11310aanthropology biology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aLaub, R., S.1 aMiller, N., G.1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/vertebrates-late-quaternary-hiscock-site-genesee-county01686nas a2200145 4500008004100000245010000041210006900141300001200210490000700222520117600229653002501405100002101430700001901451856007001470 1987 eng d00aCalifornia Condor Associated with Spruce-jack Pine Woodland in the Late Pleistocene of New York0 aCalifornia Condor Associated with Sprucejack Pine Woodland in th a415-4260 v283 a

A humerus, coracoid, and pedal phalanx of the California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus, were recovered from the Hiscock Site in western New York, in an inorganic stratum containing wood that is 11,000 radiocarbon years old. Associated vertebrates include mastodont, wapiti, and caribou. Pollen and plant macrofossils from the sediments indicate a spruce-jack pine woodland and a local, herb-dominated wetland community. Historic records (all from western North America) and previous late Pleistocene fossils of the California Condor are associated mainly with warm-temperate climates and floras. The New York fossils show that this bird was able to live in a colder climate and in a boreal, coniferous setting at a time when appropriate food (large mammal carrion) was available. The California Condor, which survives only in captivity, has suffered a greater reduction in geographical range than previously suspected. Much of this reduction in range probably occurred ca. 11,000 yr B.P. when the extinction many North American large mammals resulted in severely reduced availability of food for the California Condor and other large scavenging birds.

10abiology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aG., Miller, N. uhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/003358948790008100555nas a2200133 4500008004100000245011300041210006900154300001200223490000600235653003000241100002100271700001700292856011200309 1987 eng d00aNew Paleontological and Archaeological Investigations at Dutchess Quarry Cave No. 8, Orange County, New York0 aNew Paleontological and Archaeological Investigations at Dutches a117-1200 v410aanthropology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aFunk, R., E. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/new-paleontological-and-archaeological-investigations-dutches00493nas a2200133 4500008004100000245010100041210006900142300001200211490000800223653002500231100002100256700002200277856006000299 1987 eng d00aTwo New Species of Parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from Archeological Sites in the Marquesas Islands0 aTwo New Species of Parrots Aves Psittacidae from Archeological S a518-5280 v10010aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aZarriello, M., C. uhttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/44710#/summary00509nas a2200145 4500008004100000245006300041210005700104300001100161490000600172653002500178100002100203700001700224700001900241856010300260 1986 eng d00aThe late Quaternary Hiscock Site, Genesee County, New York0 alate Quaternary Hiscock Site Genesee County New York a22, 230 v310abiology paleontology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aLaub, R., S.1 aMiller, N., G. uhttps://www.nysm.nysed.gov/staff-publications/late-quaternary-hiscock-site-genesee-county-new-york02162nas a2200133 4500008004100000245008200041210006900123300001000192490000700202520170800209653001201917100002101929856007801950 1986 eng d00aTwo New Species of Rails (Aves: Rallidae) from Mangaia, Southern Cook Islands0 aTwo New Species of Rails Aves Rallidae from Mangaia Southern Coo a38-540 v403 a

Two species of rails, Porzana rua n. sp. and Gallirallus ripleyi n. sp., are described from bones of late Holocene age found in caves on Mangaia, southern Cook Islands. Their relatively small pectoral elements show that both of these species were flightless. Porzana rua resembles most closely the living P. atra of Henderson Island and the recently extinct P. monasa of Kosrae Island, Carolines. Gallirallus ripleyi is most similar to the recently extinct G. wakensis of Wake Island. Some combination of predation and habitat alteration by humans and introduced mammals (rats, dogs, and pigs) is probably responsible for the extinction of P. rua and G. ripleyi within the past 1000 years. Fossils of a third species of rail from the Mangaian caves are referred to the living species Porzana tabuensis, although these specimens may represent an undescribed subspecies. Porzana tabuensis might survive on Mangaia and elsewhere in the southern Cook Islands, although entire specimens have never been collected. An X ray of the only two specimens (skins) of Porzana monasa (Kittlitz) shows that this species from Kosrae (Kusai) Island, Carolines, was flightless or nearly so. It is likely that all islands in the Pacific were inhabited by one or more species of flightless rail before the arrival of humans. In both Porzana and Gallirallus, at least one early wave of colonization produced flightless species throughout Oceania, followed by a less thorough and much more recent (probably late Holocene) wave of colonization by the volant P. tabuensis and G. philippensis.

10abiology1 aSteadman, D., W. uhttp://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/1002/1/v40-27-43.pdf02011nas a2200145 4500008004100000245011000041210006900151300001400220490000700234520150800241653002501749100002101774700001801795856005201813 1985 eng d00aBird Remains from an Archaeological Site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man Caused Extinctions on an0 aBird Remains from an Archaeological Site on Henderson Island Sou a6191-61950 v823 a

Long thought never to have been inhabited and to be in a pristine ecological state, Henderson Island (southeast Pacific) is now known to have been colonized and then abandoned by Polynesians. Bones from an archaeological site on the island associated with 14C dates of ≈800 and ≈500 years B.P. include specimens of 12 species of birds, of which 3, a storm-petrel and two pigeons (Nesofregetta fuliginosa, Ducula cf. aurorae or D. pacifica, and Ducula cf. galeata), no longer occur on Henderson, and two others (Puffinus nativitatis and Sula sula) still visit but are not known to breed. The vanished species were presumably exterminated by Polynesians and the biota of Henderson Island can thus no longer be regarded as being in an unaltered state. The prehistoric abandonment of various small, unarable islands by Polynesians may have been due to the depletion of seabirds and pigeons, the only readily available food source. The species of pigeons identified from Henderson are known historically only from distant archipelagos and have never before been found sympatrically. Distributional patterns resulting from man-caused extinctions may give rise to erroneous interpretations of the relationships and evolutionary history of insular organisms. Certain endangered species, such as Ducula galeata, might effectively be preserved by reintroduction to abandoned islands that they occupied before human intervention.

10aanthropology biology1 aSteadman, D., W.1 aOlson, S., L. uhttp://www.pnas.org/content/82/18/6191.abstract