02177nas a2200217 4500008004100000022001300041245015900054210006900213300001200282490000700294520144700301653000801748653002501756653002101781653002501802653001101827653001301838100002001851700002201871856006601893 2016 eng d a0033589400aImplications of a Bayesian radiocarbon calibration of colonization ages for mammalian megafauna in glaciated New York State after the Last Glacial Maximum0 aImplications of a Bayesian radiocarbon calibration of colonizati a262-2700 v853 a

To understand what factors control species colonization and extirpation within specific paleoecosystems, we analyzed radiocarbon dates of megafaunal mammal species from New York State after the Last Glacial Maximum. We hypothesized that the timing of colonization and extirpation were both driven by access to preferred habitat types. Bayesian calibration of a database of 39 radiocarbon dates shows that caribou (Rangifer tarandus) were the first colonizers, then mammoth (Mammuthus sp.), and finally American mastodon (Mammut americanum). The timing of colonization cannot reject the hypothesis that colonizing megafauna tracked preferred habitats, as caribou and mammoth arrived when tundra was present, while mastodon arrived after boreal forest was prominent in the state. The timing of caribou colonization implies that ecosystems were developed in the state prior to 16,000 cal yr BP. The contemporaneous arrival of American mastodon with Sporormiella spore decline suggests the dung fungus spore is not an adequate indicator of American mastodon population size. The pattern in the timing of extirpation is opposite to that of colonization. The lack of environmental changes suspected to be ecologically detrimental to American mastodon and mammoth coupled with the arrival of humans shortly before extirpation suggests an anthropogenic cause in the loss of the analyzed species.

10a14C10aBayesian calibration10aHabitat tracking10alast glacial maximum10aMammal10aNew York1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aKozlowski, A., L. uhttp://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S003358941600004102638nas a2200217 4500008004100000245013100041210006900172300001200241490000800253520196600261653001702227653002202244653001202266653001302278653001102291653001002302100001902312700002002331700001802351856005102369 2013 eng d00aOcclusal Enamel Complexity and Its Implications for Lophodonty, Hypsodony, Body Mass, and Diet in Extinct and Extant Ungulates0 aOcclusal Enamel Complexity and Its Implications for Lophodonty H a211-2160 v3873 a

Tooth morphology and rates of wear have strong controls on how well mammals survive in their habitats. Herbivorous mammals, specifically ungulates, combat the effects of wear through a combination of changing the occlusal (chewing surface) enamel length, and changing hypsodonty (relative height of tooth). Changes in these two attributes are most notably seen in the fossil record of ungulates as they adapted to living in cooler, drier, and more open habitats. We expect enamel length and hypsodonty to be greater in ungulate taxa that feed on grasses than in non-grass feeders. We tested this hypothesis by digitally photographing 213 maxillary tooth rows from 84 species of extinct and extant ungulates (n = 1083 teeth) and measuring their occlusal enamel length and true occlusal area. We then statistically compared the influences of taxonomy, feeding strategy, tooth position, and tooth area on both hypsodonty and occlusal enamel length using principal components analysis (PCA) and a nested multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of our PCA indicated a strong correlation between enamel length and tooth area, but little correlation of either with hypsodonty. Our nested MANOVA showed that tooth position had no significant relationship with hypsodonty (p = 0.1539), while all other factors were significant for both hypsodonty and occlusal enamel length. Our results suggest that the occlusal enamel length in ungulate teeth is constrained by both the size of the tooth (and, by proxy, the mass of the individual) and diet. Absolute tooth crown height is similarly affected by a combination of body size and diet, leading to the use of a ratio, hypsodonty index, to characterize the diet component. We propose a similar ratio, the occlusal enamel index (OEI) which reduces the effect of body mass to clearly indicate the component of enamel length determined by abrasiveness of ingested material.

10aArtiodactyla10aEnamel complexity10aEquidae10aIsometry10aMammal10aTeeth1 aFamoso, N., A.1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aDavis, E., B. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.07.00601444nas a2200193 4500008004100000245009800041210006900139300001200208490000700220520085200227653001101079653001401090653001301104653001601117653002301133100002001156700002201176856005201198 2012 eng d00aNew AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Late Pleistocene Mastodons and Mammoths in New York State, USA0 aNew AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Late Pleistocene Mastodons and Ma a275-2790 v543 a

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 25,000 yr ago, the area of what is now New York State (USA) was almost entirely covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS; Dyke et al. 2002). Subsequent habitation of this area after the melting of the LIS necessitates dispersal of fauna, and the timing of the dispersal of particular species may aid in the understanding of how the modern ecosystems of New York were assembled. Mastodons and mammoths represent the most abundant post-LGM Pleistocene megafauna recovered in New York. However, many of the specimens have not been dated. This paper presents a set of dates from bone and tooth dentine collagen of late Pleistocene mastodon (n = 7) and mammoth (n = 3) specimens housed in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collections at the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA.

10aMammal10aMegafauna10aNew York10aPleistocene10aRariocarbon dating1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aKozlowski, A., L. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2458/azu_js_rc.v54i2.1600902989nas a2200229 4500008004100000245014700041210006900188300001200257490000800269520229300277653000902570653000902579653001202588653001102600653000902611653001602620100002002636700001502656700001702671700002002688856005102708 2010 eng d00aUnderstanding the Ecology of Mammalian Carnivorans and Herbivores from Valdegoba Cave (Burgos, Northern Spain) Through Stable Isotope Analysis0 aUnderstanding the Ecology of Mammalian Carnivorans and Herbivore a263-2720 v2973 a

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of mammalian carnivoran and herbivore species from the late Pleistocene Valdegoba cave site in northern Spain imply competition and partitioning in resource use. In general, the data support the previously recognized ecology for the analyzed species. δ13C values show that the ecosystem around the cave was dominated by C3 plants. The observed δ18O values are similar to what is found in modern environments. The analyzed bovids, Bos primigenius, Capra pyrenaica, and Rupicapra rupicapra, showed the most positive δ13C values. Bos primigenius had the most positive mean carbon isotope value and is suggested to feed on grasses in open environments. Values for Capra pyrenaica primarily indicate grass feeding, while Rupicapra rupicapra had the widest diet for the analyzed species, likely including grass and browse. Cervus elaphus, Equus ferus, Equus hydruntinus, and Stephanorhinus hemitoechus displayed more negative δ13C values indicating the use of similar resources. The smallest species analyzed, Castor fiber, displayed the most negative δ13C and δ18O values, implying a preference for eating C3 plants and being semi-aquatic. The canids, Canis lupus and Vulpes vulpes, displayed the most positive δ13C and δ18O values, and overlap many of the sampled ungulate species. Positive δ18O values in canids implies that this group obtains much of its water from its prey, uses a different water source, or has physiological differences from the other carnivorans that influence oxygen isotope values. Lynx pardinus had values similar to the canids. Crocuta crocuta had δ13C values more negative than expected for a generalist predator. These values are likely due to concentration of diet on taxa from more forested environments. The most negative δ13C values are observed in the bears, Ursus arctos and Ursus spelaeus. These values are the likely result of hibernation and the inclusion of significant vegetation in bear diets.

10aC-1310aDiet10aEcology10aMammal10aO-1810aPleistocene1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aGarcia, N.1 aDiez, J., C.1 aArsuaga, J., L. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.00602445nas a2200253 4500008004100000245014600041210006900187300001400256490000700270520168600277653000901963653000901972653001201981653001101993653001102004653000902015653001602024100001502040700002002055700002002075700003002095700001802125856004802143 2009 eng d00aIsotopic Analysis of the Ecology of Herbivores and Carnivores from the Middle Pleistocene Deposits of the Sierra de Atapuerca, Northern Spain0 aIsotopic Analysis of the Ecology of Herbivores and Carnivores fr a1142-11510 v363 a

Carbon and oxygen isotope values reveal resource partitioning among the large mammal fauna from three contemporaneous Middle Pleistocene hominid-bearing localities within the Sierra de Atapuerca (northern Spain). Carbon isotope values sampled from the tooth enamel of fauna present during Atapuerca Faunal Unit 6 show that a C3-dominated ecosystem surrounded the area where fossils were preserved during this time. For the herbivores, Fallow deer isotope values are significantly different from Red deer and horses and show that this species did not forage in open environments at this locality. Red deer and horses show similar feeding strategies with less negative carbon values implying use of more open environments for these taxa. For the carnivores, carbon isotope values for Ursus deningeri are significantly different from either lions (Panthera leo) or foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and support the contention that this species is herbivorous. Special metabolic mechanisms involved in hibernation in U. deningeri might also have influenced its isotope values. The carbon isotope values of remaining carnivores were similar and suggest that each was typically a generalist carnivore, eating a wide variety of prey items. While the isotopic results generally correspond to ecology indicated by previous techniques, this study shows that isotope analyses can provide further insights that alternate techniques do not provide. Isotope analyses can help elucidate the ancient ecology of taxa present in the Sierra de Atapuerca during the Middle Pleistocene allowing for an accurate portrayal of the setting in which humans lived.

10aC-1310aDiet10aEcology10aEnamel10aMammal10aO-1810aPleistocene1 aGarcia, N.1 aFeranec, R., S.1 aArsuaga, J., L.1 ade Castro, J., M. Bermude1 aCarbonell, C. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.12.01803285nas a2200217 4500008004100000245008700041210006900128300001200197490000600209520264800215653002302863653000902886653001202895653001502907653001902922653001102941653001802952653001302970100002002983856006403003 2007 eng d00aEcological Generalization During Adaptive Radiation: Evidence from Neogene Mammals0 aEcological Generalization During Adaptive Radiation Evidence fro a555-5770 v93 a

Question: How does the evolution of a key adaptation affect niche breadth during an adaptive radiation?

Organisms: Cenozoic horse and camel species, as well as Pleistocene ungulates.

Predictions: Niche breadth theoretically could increase, decrease or remain the same as attainment of a key adaptation facilitates a niche shift. Simpson predicted a decrease in niche breadth (ecological specialization) when key adaptations lead to adaptive radiations. I test Simpson’s prediction by examining ecological response to attainment of high-crowned teeth (hypsodonty). The evolution of hyposdonty represents a key adaptation involved in many ungulate adaptive radiations.

Methods: To test whether hypsodont ungulates have potentially wider or narrower niche breadth in respect to their non-hypsodont, pre-adaptive radiation ancestors, I analysed δ13C values in the tooth enamel of Pleistocene ungulates as a proxy for dietary breadth. For Cenozoic horses and camels, I measured the total number of biogeographic provinces and the total number of fossil localities in which individual taxa were found to assess breadth of habitat use. I considered these two parameters (dietary breadth and habitat breadth) as two major niche axes from which I qualitatively estimated niche breadth. I also compared taxon survival between low-crowned and high-crowned taxa, reasoning that if high-crowned taxa had less broad niches, their probability of extinction should be higher and their temporal duration shorter.

Results: The δ13C values of herbivores from the Pleistocene of Florida revealed that high-crowned taxa fed on a diet of both C3 and C4 forage, while low-crowned taxa confined their feeding to C3 plants. In the Cenozoic horse and camel clades, there was no statistically significant difference between high-crowned and low-crowned taxa in the number of biogeographic provinces or localities occupied. Nor were there significant differences between high-crowned and low-crowned taxa in the duration of time a particular species survived.

Conclusions: Simpson’s prediction that key adaptations that lead to adaptive radiation also result in decreased niche breadth is not supported in the case of the evolution of hypsodonty by the ungulates. Instead, the attainment of hypsodonty in these taxa broadened niche space along one of the studied axes (dietary variety) and had no discernible effect on the other (habitat occupancy).

10aadaptive radiation10aDiet10ahabitat10ahypsodonty10akey adaptation10aMammal10aniche breadth10aUngulata1 aFeranec, R., S. uhttp://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/abstracts/v09/2114.html