%0 Book Section %B Devonian of New York, Volume 1: Introduction and Přídolí to lower Givetian (Upper Silurian to Middle Devonian) stages %D 2023 %T Lower Middle Devonian (Eifelian–lower Givetian) strata of New York State: The Onondaga Formation and Marcellus Subgroup %A C. A. Ver Straeten %A Brett, C. E. %A Baird, G. E. %A Bartholomew, A. J. %A Over, D. J. %E C. A. Ver Straeten %E Over, D. J. %E Woodrow, D. %X
Lower Middle Devonian strata (Eifelian to lower Givetian stages) of New York are identified under the names Onondaga and Marcellus. As has been New York practice for over 80 years, they represent time-significant allostratigraphic units, which to some degree cut across lithologic boundaries. The Onondaga Formation is a relatively tabular, limestone-dominated unit throughout New York. Strata thin from both east and west into more basinward facies in the central part of the state. In contrast, the (revised) “Marcellus subgroup” forms an eastward-thickening and coarsening wedge of siliciclastic-dominated facies. Marcellus-equivalent strata range in thickness from less than seven meters in the western New York subsurface to an estimated maximum thickness of 580 meters in the Hudson Valley, eastern New York.
Few stratigraphic revisions have been proposed for the Onondaga Formation since 1975, beyond minor revisions to two members associated with the abandonment of the informal, former Clarence member, chert-rich facies in western New York. In contrast, the term “Marcellus” has been raised in New York State from formation to subgroup status, with three formation-level units: a lower Union Springs and coeval upper Marcellus Oatka Creek and Mount Marion formations. The latter two represent correlative basinal dark shales and proximal dark shales to shoreface sandstones, respectively. Overall, following Cooper’s classic 1930s stratigraphy of one formation with 11 members, 13 members are now recognized in the Marcellus subgroup; two in the Union Springs Formation and 11 in the upper Marcellus Oatka Creek and Mount Marion succession.
Onondaga and Marcellus strata form three third-order depositional sequences, which feature three very distinct faunas. The sequences, termed Devonian Sequences Ic, Id, and Ie (alternatively Eif-1, Eif-2, and Eif-Giv) consist, respectively of 1) lower to middle Onondaga; 2) upper Onondaga and Union Springs; and 3) coeval Oatka Creek and Mount Marion formations, except where upper Mount Marion strata are not yet clearly distinguished form lower Skaneateles equivalents in eastern New York. The fossil assemblages of the Eifelian to lower Givetian have been subdivided into three “faunas” or ecological-evolutionary subunits. The oldest of the three faunas, the Onondaga Fauna, is succeeded by the Stony Hollow Fauna in shallow facies of the upper Union Springs and lowermost Mount Marion-Oatka Creek formations. The Stony Hollow Fauna is, in turn, succeeded by the classic Middle Devonian Hamilton Fauna throughout the remainder of upper Marcellus strata and Hamilton strata above.
Numerous post-1970 studies have examined the stratigraphy, petrology, sedimentology, basin analyses, paleobiology, and geochemical characters of the Onondaga Formation and Marcellus subgroup. Overviews of these studies are presented herein. In the Appalachian Basin, the correlatives of these units across have been assigned the same names, Onondaga and Marcellus, in eastern Pennsylvania. More argillaceous Onondaga-correlative strata form the upper part of the Needmore Formation from central Pennsylvania to the vicinity of Highland and Pocahontas counties, in Virginia and West Virginia, respectively (Selinsgrove to the informal “calcareous shale and limestone” members). Continuing southwest along the Virginia-West Virginia border, Onondagacorrelative strata are replaced by chert and shale-dominated strata in the upper part of the Huntersville Formation.
South of New York in the Appalachian Basin, the term “Marcellus” is applied lithostratigraphically, not allostratigraphically, so that lowest strata assigned the term Marcellus may variously range from lower Eifelian (middle Onondaga-equivalent, e.g., Frankstown, Pennsylvania) to correlative with the base of the Marcellus in New York. Similarly, youngest strata assigned to the Marcellus in Pennsylvania and southward may range from upper Eifelian Union Springs-equivalent (below proximal sandstones of the Turkey Ridge Member, central Pennsylvania) to lower Givetian, post-Marcellus black shales correlative with at least the Skaneateles Formation of New York in distal, basinward areas. From Highland County, Virginia, and adjacent West Virginia to the southwest, Marcellus strata are assigned to the lower part of the Millboro Shale, Finally, in southwestern Virginia and adjacent West Virginia, strata termed Marcellus in New York occur in lower parts of an interval sometimes termed “New Albany Shale” but shown by their correlation to be equivalent to upper Onondaga or lower Marcellus strata, based upon airfall volcanic tephras.
%B Devonian of New York, Volume 1: Introduction and Přídolí to lower Givetian (Upper Silurian to Middle Devonian) stages %S Bulletins of American Paleontology %I Paleontological Research Institute %C Ithaca, New York %P 205–280 %G eng %U https://www.priweb.org/devonian-ny/ %& 4 %R 10.32857/bap.2023.403.06 %0 Book Section %B Fossil Record 8 %D 2022 %T Leptaenella Ventricosa (Hall, 1857) from the Middle Early Devonian (Pragian) of New York and Eastern North America and a Redescription of the Brachiopod Genus Leptaenella Frederiks, 1918 %A Blodgett, R. B. %A Feldman, H.R. %A C. A. Ver Straeten %A Baranov, V. V. %A Garcia-Alcalde, J .L. %E Lucas, S. P. %E Blodgett, R. B. %E Lichtig, A. L. %E Hunt, A. P. %XThe presence of the leptaenid brachiopod Leptanella ventricosa (Hall 1857) is documented in detail from the Lower Devonian (global upper Pragian age) of the Glenerie Limestone and Oriskany Sandstone formations of the Hudson Valley, New York. The species was selected by Fredericks (1981) as the type species for his new genus Leptaenella. His genus name has been long ignored and seemingly almost forgotten, but we provide a redescription of this important species and the host genus due to its prominence in the Glenerie-Oriskany interval fauna. The Glenerie Limestone is overlain by deeper water facies of the Emsian Stage Esopus Formation and underlain by the Port Ewen Formation, and argillaceous limestone indicative of deep water. The overall environment of deposition of the Glenerie was marine., below normal wave base. The fauna is dominated by common Lower Divonian brachiopods (32 genera such as Dalmanella, Coelospira, Discomyorthis, Megastrophia, Leptonella, Ascrospirfer, Costispirfer, and Cyrtina) with gastropods, rare trilobites, crinoids, and corals. Leptaenella occurs in the Appalachian Basin and the craton to the southwest (i.e., Tennessee, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Missouri) that were part of the biogeographic entity denoted as the Eastern Americas Realm. The genus Lepaenella si so far known only from the late Pragian (late Devonian) of the Appohimshi Subprovince.
%B Fossil Record 8 %I New Mexico Museum of Natural History %C Albuqueque %P 85-99 %G eng %U https://www.google.com/books/edition/FOSSIL_RECORD_8/YCKIEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 %0 Journal Article %J Papers in Palaeontology %D 2021 %T Lophotrochozoa in the Cambrian evolutionary radiation and the Pelagiella problem %A E. Landing %A Geyer, Gerd %A Jirkov, Igor A. %A Schiaparelli, Stefano %E Sigwart, Julia %XTiny snail-like conchs of Pelagiella Matthew are important in discussions of lophotrochozoan and mollusc origins in the Cambrian evolutionary radiation (CER). The limited morphological features of Pelagiella conchs have led to the ‘Pelagiella problem’: (1) poorly distinguished Pelagiella species; (2) an exceptional genus range across all Cambrian palaeocontinents and climate belts; (3) an unparalleled genus-lifespan (c. 31 myr) in the early Palaeozoic; and (4) the assumption that all Pelagiella spp. are gastropods, which compromises lophotrochozoan and mollusc phylogenies. The type species P. atlantoides is a gastropod, but we show that so-called Pelagiella species with sub-to-triangular apertures and turbiniform conchs are not referable to the genus. Re-evaluation of spectacular specimens of Pelagiella exigua Resser & Howell show it to be a polychaete with two apertural paleal chaetae fan arrays. Given that some modern sedentary polychaetes have paleal fan arrays, P. exigua is regarded as a likely member of the Sabellida Levinsen and is assigned to Pseudopelagiella gen. nov. Other Pelagiella spp. and forms with similar conchs are probably polychaetes not relevant to syntheses of early mollusc diversification. Pelagiellidae fam. nov. should be restricted to the late early Cambrian (c. 508 Ma) P. atlantoides. Pseudopelagiella exigua was unattached, probably benthic and lived with the apical conch surface on the sea floor, a mode of life similar to that of another family of the Sabellida, the sessile spirorbids that are cemented to substrate. Among numerous crown groups, the late early Cambrian eve of the CER included the polychaete Pseudopelagiella exigua and gastropod P. atlantoides.
Migratory behaviors such as the timing and duration of migration are genetically inherited and can be under strong natural selection, yet we still know very little about the specific genes or molecular pathways that control these behaviors. Studies in candidate genes Clock and Adcyap1 have revealed that both of these loci can be significantly correlated with migratory behaviors in birds, though observed relationships appear to vary across species. We investigated geographic genetic structure of Clock and Adcyap1 in four populations of blackpoll warblers (Setophaga striata), a Neotropical–Nearctic migrant that exhibits geographic variation in migratory timing and duration across its boreal breeding distribution. Further, we used data on migratory timing and duration, obtained from light‐level geolocator trackers to investigate candidate genotype–phenotype relationships at the individual level. While we found no geographic structure in either candidate gene, we did find evidence that candidate gene lengths are correlated with five of the six migratory traits. Maximum Clock allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring arrival date. Minimum Adcyap1 allele length was significantly and negatively associated with spring departure date and positively associated with fall arrival date at the wintering grounds. Additionally, we found a significant interaction between Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths on both spring and fall migratory duration. Adcyap1 heterozygotes also had significantly shorter migration duration in both spring and fall compared to homozygotes. Our results support the growing body of evidence that Clock and Adcyap1 allele lengths are correlated with migratory behaviors in birds.
%B Ecology and Evolution %V 9 %P 8840-8855 %G eng %U https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.5436https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.5436https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.5436https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full-xml/10.1002/ece3.5436 %N 15 %! Ecol Evol %R 10.1002/ece3.5436 %0 Journal Article %J Geomorphology %D 2018 %T Laurentide ice sheet meltwater routing along the Iro-Mohawk River, eastern New York, USA %A Porreca, Charles %A Briner, Jason P. %A A. L. Kozlowski %K 10Be dating %K Ice sheet %K meltwater %K Pothole %K Strath terrace %XThe rerouting of meltwater as the configuration of ice sheets evolved during the last deglaciation is thought to have led to some of the most significant perturbations to the climate system in the late Quaternary. However, the complex pattern of ice sheet meltwater drainage off the continents, and the timing of rerouting events, remains to be fully resolved. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) retreated north of the Adirondack Uplands of northeastern New York State during the last deglaciation, a large proglacial lake, Lake Iroquois, found a lower outlet that resulted in a significant flood event. This meltwater rerouting event, from outflow via the Iro-Mohawk River valley (southern Adirondack Mountains) to the spillway at Covey Hill (northeastern Adirondack Mountains), is hypothesized to have taken place ~ 13.2 ka and disturbed meridional circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. However, the timing of the rerouting event is not certain because the event has not been directly dated. With improving the history of Lake Iroquois drainage in mind, we obtained cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages on a strath terrace on Moss Island, along the Iro-Mohawk River spillway. We hypothesize that Moss Island's strath terrace became abandoned during the rerouting event. Six 10Be ages from the strath surface average 14.8 ± 1.3 ka, which predates the previously published bracketing radiocarbon ages of ~ 13.2 ka. Several possibilities for the discrepancy exist: (1) the 10Be age accurately represents the timing of a decrease in discharge through the Iro-Mohawk River spillway; (2) the age is influenced by inheritance. The 10Be ages from glacially sculpted surfaces on Moss Island above the strath terrace predate the deglaciation of the site by 5 to 35 ky; and (3) the abandonment of the Moss Island strath terrace relates to knickpoint migration and not the final abandonment of the Iro-Mohawk River as the Lake Iroquois spillway. Further study and application of cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating in the region may lead to tighter chronologic constraints of meltwater history of the LIS.
%B Geomorphology %V 303 %P 155-161 %8 December 5, 2017 %G eng %U http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169555X17305056 %! Geomorphology %R 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.12.001 %0 Journal Article %J Geological Society of America Bulletin %D 2017 %T Lyon Mountain ferroan leucogranite suite: Magmatic response to extensional thinning of overthickened crust in the core of the Grenville orogen %A J. R. Chiarenzelli %A Selleck, B. %A M. V. Lupulescu %A Bickford, M. E. %A Valley, P. %A McLelland, L. %XEvidence is presented for the crystallization age (ca. 1066−1033 Ma) and origin of the Lyon Mountain Granite (formerly Lyon Mountain Gneiss), a widespread magnetite-bearing leucogranitic igneous suite in the Adirondack Highlands. Recent reinterpretations of U-Pb zircon results have led some to propose that the Lyon Mountain Granite was intruded synchronously with the Shawinigan anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite (AMCG) suite at ca. 1165−1145 Ma. However, this interpretation conflicts with the recognized chronology of the region based on field and analytical studies, which have established a late to postkinematic Ottawan crystallization age (ca. 1050 Ma). Herein, we show that the older ages reported are a consequence of zircon inheritance; we summarize existing and provide new U-Pb zircon data expanding the recognized extent of the Lyon Mountain Granite; and we review long-recognized field relationships and temporal associations among structures within the region and southern Grenville Province. Field relations include a spatial, and likely temporal, link with iron oxide−apatite deposits, gabbroic and amphibolite bodies, and association with late extensional faults and hydrothermal alteration. The variable fabric of the Lyon Mountain Granite is a consequence of magmatic/intrusive processes, proximity to synintrusive structures, and timing of intrusion relative to deformation during an ∼30 m.y. period. The Lyon Mountain Granite formed during late Ottawan anatexis related to gravitational collapse of overthickened crust. Its anhydrous ferroan nature, zircon xenocryst population, and association with magnetite-apatite deposits can be explained by partial melting of Shawinigan-aged, AMCG-dominated lower crust.
Archaeological studies of households provide us with information about the interactions between past populations, the ways that they organized their settlements and the relationship of disparate segments of a community to each other. By examining the effects of households at several different scales, archaeologists can better understand the processes that underly human behavior. This paper examines the Latre Prehistoric Getman site in New York and the role of Iroquoian households as represented in the compartment, longhouse, and village contexts. Conclusions about equality, resource use, and the spatial organization of the loghouse are suggested.
%B P@lethnology %V 8 %P 49-61 %G eng %U http://blogs.univ-tlse2.fr/palethnologie/en/2016-04-Rieth/ %0 Journal Article %J Northeast Historical Archaeology %D 2016 %T Last Gasp: The Construction, Operation, and Dissolution of the Adirondack Iron and Steel Company's "New Furnace" %A D. Staley %XIsolation and historical circumstances have largely preserved the "New Furnace" at the Adirondack Iron & Steel COmpany's Upper Works. An historical account suggested that the operational process at the facility would be clearly represented by an array of tools and debris. Daily activities at a blast furnace tend to obliterate much of the archaeologically observable behavioral evidence, and decades of visitors and vandalism have removed any tools abandoned after the last iron casting. Through the interpretation of sediments, stratigraphy, features, and under-utilized material culture, such as building materials, smelting raw materials, and slag, it is possible to reveal apsects of construction, operations, collapse, and decay at the site. Taken further, some of the findings may reflect corporate paternalism, as well as the owners' wildly fluctuating fiscal attitudes toward New Furnace construction and oeprations.
%B Northeast Historical Archaeology %V 45 %P 171-199 %G eng %U http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol45/iss1/8/ %0 Journal Article %J Geological Magazine %D 2015 %T Late Cambrian (middle Furongian) Shallow-Marine Dysoxic Mudstone with Calcrete and Brachiopod–Olenid–Lotagnostus Faunas in Avalonian Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia %A E. Landing %A Westrop, S. R. %K Avalonia %K calcrete %K Cambrian %K Cape Breton Island %K eustasy %K marine dysoxia %K upper Cambrian %B Geological Magazine %V 152 %P 973-992 %G eng %U http://doi.org/10.1017/S001675681400079X %N 6 %R 10.1017/S001675681400079X %0 Book Section %B On the Trails of the Iroquois %D 2013 %T Lewis Henry Morgan and the Iroquois %A Duggan, B. J. %E Kasprycki, S. S. %K anthropology %B On the Trails of the Iroquois %I Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland GmbH, Bonn und Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung GmbH %C Berlin, Germany %P 182-186 %G eng %0 Report %D 2013 %T Level I HAER Recordation for Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing, Westchester and Rockland Counties, New York %A M.S. LoRusso %K Cultural Resources %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Report %D 2013 %T Late Prehistoric Ceramic Technology in New York %A C. B. Rieth %K Cultural Resources %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Palaeontology %D 2013 %T Life Mode of In Situ Conularia in a Middle Devonian Epibole %A van Iten, H. %A V. P. Tollerton Jr. %A C. A. Ver Straeten %A Leme, J. DM %A Simos, M. G. %A Rodrigues, S. C. %K conulariids %K ecological epibole %K life mode %K Middle Devonian %K Mount Marion Formation %K obrution deposits %XAbstract: Exceptionally abundant specimens of Conularia aff. desiderata Hall occur in multiple marine obrution deposits, in a single sixth-order parasequence composed of argillaceous and silty very fine sandstone, in the Otsego Member of the Mount Marion Formation (Middle Devonian, Givetian) in eastern New York State, USA. Associated fossils consist mostly of rhynchonelliform brachiopods but also include bivalve molluscs, orthoconic nautiloids, linguliform brachiopods and gastropods. Many of the brachiopods, bivalve molluscs and conulariids have been buried in situ. Conulariids buried in situ are oriented with their aperture facing obliquely upward and with their long axis inclined at up to 87 degree to bedding. Most specimens are solitary, but some occur in V-like pairs or in radial clusters consisting of three specimens, with the component specimens being about equally long or (less frequently) substantially different in length. The compacted apical end of Conularia buried in situ generally rests upon argillaceous sandstone. With one possible exception, none of the examined specimens terminates in a schott (apical wall), and internal schotts appear to be absent. The apical ends of specimens in V-like pairs and radial clusters show no direct evidence of interconnection of their periderms. The apical, middle or apertural region of some inclined specimens abuts or is in close lateral proximity to a recumbent conulariid or to one or more spiriferid brachiopods, some of which have been buried in their original life orientation. The azimuthal bearings of Conularia and nautiloid long axes and the directions in which conulariids open are nonrandom, with conulariids being preferentially aligned between 350 and 50 degree and with their apertural end facing north-east, and nautiloids being preferentially aligned between 30 and 70 degree. Otsego Member Conularia were erect or semi-erect, epifaunal or partially infaunal animals, the apical end of which rested upon very fine bottom sediment. The origin of V-like pairs and radial clusters remains enigmatic, but it is probable that production of schotts was not a regular feature of this animal’s life history. Finally, conulariids and associated fauna were occasionally smothered by distal storm deposits, under the influence of relatively weak bottom currents.
On 16 June 1926, A. L. Hazzard was casting flies into Dyke Creek, upper Genessee River, and reeled in two common shiners. That was the beginning of the watershed surveys of New York, which involved scores of individuals and stretched over 15 years. The state legislature authorized surveys of the aquatic life in streams and lakes with a $15,000 appropriation “to determine the most practical methods of increasing fish production.” Under the leadership and insight of Emmeline Moore, the surveys accomplished this mission by providing a basis for assessing the need and appropriateness of what previously had been a general stocking program. Groundwork for the surveys began under John Titcomb, and his writings and management activities influenced Dr. Moore. Her approach led to more than a refinement of stocking policy; she and her staff recognized the importance of assessing watersheds as systems and that policies affecting game fish required information on more than just the game fish. Staff conducted synoptic surveys of biota, assessed chemistry and hydrology, and paid particular attention to pollutants. The importance of vouchering specimens was recognized, and the surveys provided a steady stream of specimens that were used in several taxonomic studies. Finally, Titcomb and Moore recognized that in order to affect change in stocking policy, states needed well-trained biologists knowledgeable in all aspects of freshwater ecology. So, the surveys became the training school for a suite of biologists that dominated fisheries science in universities and in management agencies in the mid- and late 20th century. Perhaps the most important legacy of these surveys is not the reports, illustrations, specimens, or input from the well-trained fisheries scientists; it is a way of thinking about aquatic resources and the role of the manager in developing them
%B Fisheries %V 36 %P 179-189 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2011.564504 %R 10.1080/03632415.2011.564504 %0 Journal Article %J Bulletin of Geosciences %D 2011 %T The Lawsonian Stage - the Eoconodontus Notchpeakensis FAD and HERB Carbon Isotope Excursion Define a Globally Correlatable Terminal Cambrian Stage %A E. Landing %A Westrop, S. R. %A Adrian, J. M. %K agnostoids %K Cambrian %K conodonts %K HERB excursion %K Lawsonian Stage %K United States %K Utah %XThe best definition for the base of the terminal Cambrian (Stage 10) is the conodont Eoconodontus notchpeakensis FAD ± onset of the HERB carbon isotope excursion. These horizons allow precise intercontinental correlations in deep marine to peritidal facies. The agnostoid Lotagnostus americanus (Billings, 1860) FAD has been suggested as a Stage 10 base, but restudy of types and typotypes shows that the species occurs only in Late Cambrian (Sunwaptan) debris flow boulders in Quebec (Westrop et al., this volume). Non-Quebec reports of "L. americanus" are an amalgum of small samples of often poorly documented specimens with effaced–highly furrowed cephala and pygidia and with or without a highly trisected pygidial posteroaxis. Many of these occurrences have local species names, but no evidence suggests that they record intraspecific variation of a globally distributed taxon. They are not synonyms of L. americanus. Lotagnostus, largely a dysoxic form, does not allow precise correlation into oxygenated platform facies. Another proposal used the conodont Cordylodus andresi FAD as a Stage 10 base, but other work shows this FAD is diachronous. An unrealistic approach to L. americanus’ systematics and the correlation uncertainty of C. andresi are overcome by defining a Stage 10 base at the globally recognizable E. notchpeakensis FAD, with the C. andresi FAD a useful proxy on cool-water continents. The "Lawsonian Stage", named for Lawson Cove in western Utah, has a basal GSSP at the E. notchpeakensis FAD and replaces informal Stage 10. The Lawsonian, ~150 m-thick in western Utah, underlies the basal Ordovician Iapetognathus Zone.
%B Bulletin of Geosciences %V 86 %P 621-640 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1251 %R 10.3140/bull.geosci.1251 %0 Journal Article %J Geological Magazine %D 2011 %T Left Behind--Delayed Extinction and a Relict Trilobite Fauna in the Cambrian--Ordovician Boundary Succession (East Laurentian Platform, New York) %A E. Landing %A Westrop, S. R. %A Kroger, B. %A A. M. English %K conodonts %K extinction %K Lower Ordovician %K New York %K North America %K trilobites %K upper Cambrian %XTwo completely dissimilar faunal changes occur between the Sunwaptan and Skullrockian Stages (Ptychaspid and Symphysurid ‘Biomeres’) in the uppermost Cambrian on the east Laurentian craton. An undolomitized section in the Little Falls Formation in Washington County, New York, shows a typical ‘biomere’ extinction, with highest Sunwaptan trilobites followed by the abrupt appearance of Cordylodus proavus Zone conodonts and the lowest post-extinction trilobites (Parakoldinioidia Endo) 5.0 m higher. This stage boundary interval is very condensed by comparison with coeval Great Basin and Texas sections. Approximately 70 km southwest, typical pre-extinction taxa (the catillicephalid Acheilops Ulrich and several dikelocephalid species) are shown for the first time to persist well beyond the extinction as they occur with middle C. proavus Zone conodonts (Clavohamulus elongatus or, more likely, Hirsutodontus simplex Subzone). The Ritchie Limestone member of the uppermost Little Falls Formation yields a succession of conodont faunas that spans the C. elongatus–H. simplex–Clavohamulus hintzei Subzones (middle–upper C. proavus Zone). These data prove that the trilobites are a relict fauna that persisted into the Symphysurina Zone of the Skullrockian Stage. The massive (burrow-churned), mollusc-dominated Ritchie Limestone, with the second Upper Cambrian cephalopod locality in east Laurentia, represents an inner-shelf refugium for Sunwaptan trilobites that has not been previously encountered. Final extinction of typical Sunwaptan clades is at least locally diachronous, and a simple, genus-based approach to trilobite biostratigraphy in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary interval is untenable. The relict fauna appears to be distinct at the species level, so it is likely that a viable, species-based biostratigraphy can be developed. Teridontus gallicus Serpagli et al. 2008 is a synonym of T. nakamurai (Nogami, 1967), and T.? francisi Landing sp. nov., with a large base and tiny cusp, is a lower C. proavus Zone form. New trilobites are Acheilops olbermanni Westrop sp. nov. and Parakoldinioidia maddowae Westrop sp. nov. The lowest Ordovician ‘Gailor Dolomite’ is a junior synonym of the Tribes Hill Formation, and the Ritchie Limestone is assigned to the top of the terminal Cambrian Little Falls Formation.
%B Geological Magazine %V 148 %P 529-557 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756810000919 %R 10.1017/S0016756810000919 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 2011 %T Linguliform Brachiopods from the Terminal Cambrian and Lowest Ordovician of the Oaxaquia Microcontinent (Southern Mexico) %A Streng, M. %A Melbin, B. B, %A E. Landing %A Keppie, J. D. %K Eurytreta %K Linguliform brachiopods %K Mexico %K Paterinida %K Siphonotretida %XEighteen taxa of linguliform brachiopods, mainly represented by acrotretoids, are reported from the Upper Cambrian (Furongian, Stage 10) and Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) Tiñu Formation of Oaxaca State, Mexico. At the time of deposition, this area was part of Oaxaquia, which was either a microcontinent or an integral part of the Gondwanan margin. Whereas certain trilobites seem to indicate a Gondwanan affinity, the Tiñu brachiopod faunas show a less definite paleogeographic relationship. Some taxa have previously only been reported from Laurentia (Eurytreta cf. fillmorensis, Eurytreta cf. campaniformis), and one taxon is best known from the Avalon microcontinent (Eurytreta cf. sabrinae). However, the relatively high percentage of new and potentially endemic taxa (Oaxaquiatreta labrifera n. gen. n. sp., Tapuritreta reclinata n. sp., Oaxaquiatreta sp., Eurytreta? n. sp., Acrotretidae n. gen. n. sp., Obolinae gen. and sp. indet.) and the lack of other typical Laurentian, Gondwanan, or Avalonian taxa suggest either a certain degree of insularity of Oaxaquia or reflects a more temperate, unrestricted marine environment during the Early Paleozoic. Other taxa reported from the Tiñu Formation include Semitreta sp., Lingulella? spp., Obolinae gen. and sp. indet., Eoscaphelasma? sp., Ottenbyella? sp. A and sp. B, and Acrotretidae gen. and sp. indet. A, B, and C. Eurytreta and Semitreta are critically reviewed and several taxa previously assigned to them have been excluded. An emended diagnosis for the genus Eurytreta is presented. The presence of delthyrium and notothyrium-like structures in the siphonotretid Oaxaquiatreta n. gen. further strengthens the previously proposed relationship between the Siphonotretida and Paterinida.
%B Journal of Paleontology %V 85 %P 122-155 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10-074.1 %R 10.1666/10-074.1 %0 Journal Article %J Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists %D 2011 %T Lower Cambrian (Branchian) Eodiscoid Trilobites from the Lower Brigus Formation, Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada %A Westrop, S. R. %A E. Landing %K paleontology %XEodiscoids form a significant component of the Lower Cambrian (Branchian) trilobite fauna of the St. Mary's and lower Jigging Cove members of the Brigus Formation exposed along Conception and Trinity bays, northern Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. Two species of Serrodiscus Richter and Richter, four species of Hebediscus Whitehouse, and rare sclerites of Meniscuchus? pik and Calodiscus Howell are documented; type material of M.? helena (Walcott) is reillustrated. Hebediscus attleborensis (Shaler and Foerste) is restricted to the types, and H. williamsi is new. A parsimony analysis indicates that Serrodiscus is paraphyletic but supports monophyly of Acidiscus Rasetti, Bolboparia Rasetti and Stigmadiscus Rasetti. Above a sparsely fossiliferous interval in the lowest part of the Brigus, three eodiscoid faunas can be identified in the upper St. Mary's and lower Jigging Cove members, in ascending order, the Hebediscus planus, H. williamsi and Calodiscus cf. C. lobatus faunas. The lower two faunas correspond to part of the traditional "Callavia Zone" of previous workers.
%B Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists %V 42 %P 209-262 %G eng %U http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=984617395155287;res=IELHSS %0 Journal Article %J The Kingbird %D 2010 %T Legalities and Practicalities of Salvaging of Dead Birds for Museum Specimens %A J. J. Kirchman %K Bird salvaging %K legalisties %K Museum collections %XRecently on the NYSbirds-L listserv, an observer reported that a possible Pacific
Loon had washed up on a Long Island beach. The birder, recognizing that this
might be an important record to document with a specimen, wondered if s/he
should pick up the bird and bring it to a museum, and whether it was legal to do
this. Digital photos eventually made the rounds and it turned out that the bird,
which was never salvaged, was a Common Loon. This incident provoked a very
long “thread” of discussion among the listserv readers regarding the legalities
and practice of bird specimen salvage by the bird-observing public. By the time
the listserv administrator cut off the discussion it was clear that New York
birders appreciate the scientific value of specimens (e.g., as discussed by
Kirchman 2008, Kingbird 58: 214-219), but that the legal implications of
picking up a dead bird are not well known. One point of agreement was that
there is a need for some clarification of the laws and permits that govern the
salvage of birds in New York. As curator of the ornithology collection at the
New York State Museum, and an enthusiastic (and permitted) salvager, I am in a
position to provide some of the needed clarification and have decided to
summarize in this article what I know about the subject.
Foreland basin rocks of the northern Appalachian basin in New York and adjacent areas contain a significant Upper Silurian to Devonian record of Acadian orogenesis. Sediment composition, stratal geometry, stratigraphic anomalies, and distribution of volcanic air-fall tephras through time and space provide insights into patterns of tectonism and quiescence, uplift and unroofing, tectonically induced basin flexure, and explosive volcanism in the orogenic belt. Herein, I combine a literature review and new data to examine several aspects of the foreland basin fill and their implications. Established models of Acadian-related impacts on the foreland, including tectophase development, are tested against a more refined high-resolution stratigraphy. Some sedimentary patterns are cyclic; others evolve through time. Initial study of synorogenic conglomerates across 40 m.y. of sedimentation sketches an unroofing history of the orogen. Stratigraphic anomalies delineate a flexural history interpreted directly from the rock record: topographic features in the foredeep migrate toward the craton in tectonically active intervals and toward the orogen during quiescent intervals. In addition, the forebulge undergoes cyclic uplift and leveling. These results differ from predictions in existing models of foreland basin kinematics. Preserved air-fall tephras reflect a history of explosive volcanism along the orogen. Comparisons of igneous rocks from the foreland and orogen portray a larger picture of Lower Emsian magmatism. Finally, I summarize the chronology of foreland basin signatures of orogenesis. Data and interpretations presented here should be compared with the record of Acadian orogenesis from the mountain belt in order to better determine causation and outline a more detailed synthesis of the Acadian orogeny.
%B From Rodinia to Pangea: The Lithotectonic Record of the Appalachian Region %S Memoir %I Geological Society of America %C Boulder, Colorado %P 251-282 %G eng %U http://memoirs.gsapubs.org/content/206/251.abstract %R 10.1130/2010.1206(12) %0 Journal Article %J PLoS One %D 2010 %T Large-range Movements of Neotropical Orchid Bees Observed Via Radio Telemetry (Belorussian translation) %A M. Wikelski %A Moxley, J. %A Eaton-Mordas, A. %A Lopez-Uribe, M. M. %A Holland, R. %A Moskowitz, D. %A Roubik, D. W. %A R. W. Kays %K foraging ranges %K micro radio telemetry %K Neotropical orchid bees %K trapline-foragers %XNeotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) are often cited as classic examples of trapline-foragers with potentially extensive foraging ranges. If long-distance movements are habitual, rare plants in widely scattered locations may benefit from euglossine pollination services. Here we report the first successful use of micro radio telemetry to track the movement of an insect pollinator in a complex and forested environment. Our results indicate that individual male orchid bees (Exaerete frontalis) habitually use large rainforest areas (at least 42–115 ha) on a daily basis. Aerial telemetry located individuals up to 5 km away from their core areas, and bees were often stationary, for variable periods, between flights to successive localities. These data suggest a higher degree of site fidelity than what may be expected in a free living male bee, and has implications for our understanding of biological activity patterns and the evolution of forest pollinators.
%B PLoS One %V 5 %P e10738 %G eng %U http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0010738 %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0010738 %0 Report %D 2010 %T Letter Report for PIN 2029.25, Archaeological Monitoring and Data Recovery for Routes 5s, 10 and 920T, Town of Canajoharie, Montogmery County, New York %A L. J. Xinakes %Y New York State Museum %K Cultural Resources %I New York State Department of Transporation and the Federal Highway Administration %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Report %D 2010 %T Letter Report for PIN 2029.25, Archaeological Monitoring and Data Recovery for Routes 5s, 10 and 920T, Town of Canajoharie, Montogmery County, New York %A L. J. Xinakes %K Cultural Resources %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Bryologist %D 2009 %T Lichens and Bryophytes of the Alpine and Subalpine Zones of Katahdin, Maine, I: Overview, Ecology, Climate and Conservation Aspects %A Dibble, A. C. %A N. G. Miller %A Hinds, J. W. %A Fryday, A. M. %K alpine %K bryophytes %K Chimney Pond weather data %K conservation %K Diapensia heath %K Katahdin %K lichens %K Maine %K snow bed %K species rarity %XKatahdin, the highest peak in Maine at 1606 m, has about 13 km2 (1300 ha) of alpine and subalpine tundra and krummholz on a summit plateau and in upper cirque basins. Lichens and bryophytes have been collected above tree line since the mid-19th century, but the cryptogam biota of the mountain has remained incompletely documented. For 16 days during 2001–2004 we inventoried lichens and bryophytes of the subalpine and alpine zones of Katahdin (above 884 m), visiting open alpine tundra, alpine cliffs in glacial cirques, seeps, fellfields, krummholz and subalpine forests. We relocated most species represented by historic collections and added many more to the documented biota, including significant range extensions and species new to North America or northeastern United States. The floristic results are presented in two associated papers. Here we (1) summarize previous studies of the botany, ecology and geology of Katahdin; (2) compare quadrats from a Diapensia heath in exposed alpine tundra on the Table Land with a snow bed community just below the Table Land, where a marked difference in the bryophyte and lichen assemblages may reflect cryptogam-vascular plant interactions and/or site-specific differences; and (3) summarize unpublished weather data collected at the Chimney Pond Ranger Station (ca. 890 m). Katahdin and Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, have similar recent temperature and precipitation records on the basis of the available data. Katahdin shares some vegetation components and climate features with mountain ranges in the Pacific Northwest, New Zealand and the Scottish Highlands that have been studied for lichens and/or bryophytes.
%B Bryologist %V 112 %P 651-672 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-112.4.651 %R 10.1639/0007-2745-112.4.651 %0 Journal Article %J Bryologist %D 2009 %T Lichens and Bryophytes of the Alpine and Subalpine Zones of Katahdin, Maine, III: Bryophytes. %A N. G. Miller %K Alpine and subalpine bryofloras %K bryophyte ecology and distribution %K Katahdin %K liverworts %K Maine %K mosses %K northeastern United States and adjacent Canada %K snow bed %XField studies on the east side of Mount Katahdin, Maine, from 2001 to 2004, and an appraisal of published and unpublished Katahdin records from previous work documented 203 different bryophytes (131 mosses and 72 liverworts) for subalpine conifer forest, alpine tundra and cirque walls, and krummholz in between. This work represents the only recent investigation of a high altitude bryoflora in the mountains of the northeastern United States. Two mosses (Hygrohypnum smithii, Pohlia tundrae) are new to this region, and six others, including Neckera oligocarpa, are new records for Maine. Investigations of Grimmia (4 spp.), Cynodontium (2 spp.) and Kiaeria (2 spp.) clarified the application of taxonomic concepts for these mosses relative to previous published work. In conjunction with parallel studies of Katahdin lichens, eight habitats were specified for the study area. These habitats were largely the same places as those recognized for lichens. The eight habitats differed in the number of Arctic mosses and in unique occurrences of various mosses and liverworts. Mean Arctic-boreal-cool temperate values, introduced as an analytical tool to evaluate the distributional affinities of Kathadin lichens, were calculated for bryophytes for seven of eight habitats. The mean for each habitat class was well predicted by a multiple regression equation, with altitude, solar gain and snowpack persistence, but not substratum, as independent variables. Upper and lower altitutinal limits of bryophyte species occurrence were determined. The documented presence of Katahdin alpine bryophytes in four other mountain areas in northeastern United States and adjacent Québec, Canada, showed fewer of them in western areas (the high Adirondack Mountains, New York and Mt. Mansfield, Vermont), a possible outcome of increasing oceanic conditions eastward.
%B Bryologist %V 112 %P 704-748 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1639/0007-2745-112.4.704 %R 10.1639/0007-2745-112.4.704 %0 Report %D 2009 %T Letter Report Documenting Historic Significance of Pier Locations along Route 9P, City of Saratoga, Saratoga County, New York %A C. B. Rieth %K Cultural Resources %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Ecological Applications %D 2008 %T Landscape Ecology of Eastern Coyotes Based on Large-Scale Estimates of Abundance %A R. W. Kays %A Gompper, M. W. %A Ray, J. C. %K abundance %K Adirondack State Park %K Canis latrans %K eastern coyote %K fecal DNA %K landscape ecology %K New York %K noninvasive survey %XThe characteristics of the latest Ediacaran through Cambrian of the Moroccan Atlas regions are described and illustrated. Such major depositional controls as tectonic environments (a transtensional regime in this time interval) and eustatic changes that defined sequence boundaries and „Grand cycles,“ as well as a progressive southerly movement of the West Gondwanan margin that led to the loss of tropical carbonate platform facies and their replacement by siliciclastic-dominated successions in the Lower–Middle Cambrian boundary interval, are discussed briefly. The lithostratigraphic units for the uppermost Proterozoic(?) to the Upper Cambrian of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas and High Atlas mountains are reviewed and partly revised. The descriptions of lithostratigraphic units include lithology, depositional environments, fossil content, and synonymy. The Jbel Wawrmast Formation is divided into a lower Brèche à Micmacca Member and an upper Tarhoucht Member (new) that comprises the majority of the formation. The bio- and chronostratigraphy of the Atlas regions are summarized, and recently proposed, formal and informal biostratigraphical units of the Lower–Middle Cambrian are reviewed. Detailed stratigraphy allows recognition of diachroneity for several formational contacts. Controversial data and problems of the Moroccan Precambrian–Cambrian boundary are discussed in detail. The available evidence does not permit highly resolved certainty in correlations even at the stage-level with Lower Cambrian sections on other Cambrian continents. However, close similarities exist in the litho- and biostratigraphic developments of southern Morocco and Iberia, and demonstrate that both regions were coterminous on the West Gondwanan margin and geographically separated from the Avalon microcontinent by the latest Proterozoic.
%B Morocco 2006. Ediacaran-Cambrian Depositional Environments and Stratigraphy of the Western Atlas Regions. Explanatory Description and Field Excursion Guide %S Beringeria Special Issue %P 7-46 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 2006 %T Lower Ordovician Faunas, Stratigraphy, and Sea-level History of the Middle Beekmantown Group, Northeastern New York %A E. Landing %A Westrop, S. R. %K Lower Ordovician %K middle Beekmantown Group %K Tribes Hill Formation %XThe Lower Ordovician middle Beekmantown Group is a very thin carbonate platform succession on the northern New York Promontory that thickens north into the Ottawa aulacogen near Montréal. The Tribes Hill Formation (Rossodus manitouensis Zone) records the earliest Ordovician (late Skullrockian, late early Tremadocian) eustatic high that submerged Laurentia, and produced the lowest Ordovician sequence along the New York Promontory. These dolostones are succeeded in the Beekmantown, New York, area by late Tulean?–Blackhillsian transgressive systems tract quartz arenites of the lower Fort Cassin Formation (Ward Member). The “Fort Ann Formation” (middle Stairsian, upper Tremadocian) of the southern Lake Champlain lowlands (=Theresa Formation sandstones in the Ottawa graben) is absent at Beekmantown, and moderate Stairsian (late Tremadocian) eustatic rise apparently did not inundate the Beekmantown area after Skullrockian–Stairsian boundary interval offlap. Highstand carbonates of the upper Fort Cassin Formation [Sciota Member = “Spellman Formation” and “Ogdensburg Member” of the “Beauharnois Formation” in the Montréal area; designations abandoned] at Beekmantown yield diverse conodonts seemingly characteristic of the Oepikodus communis–Fahraeusodus marathonensis Zone (new). However, associated trilobites, particularly Carolinites tasmanensis (Etheridge, 1919), show a correlation with the upper Trigonocerca typica (trilobite) Zone of the Utah and the overlying Reutterodus andinus (conodont) Zone. This abrupt early Blackhillsian lithofacies change features the appearance of chitinozoans and conodonts known from marginal successions, and records the Laignet Point highstand (new). This highstand is recognized across Laurentia on the west Newfoundland and southern Midcontinent platforms. It is recorded on the east Laurentian continental slope by lower Oepikodus evae Zone dysoxic black mudstone in the Taconian allochthons. Taxonomic re-evaluations include Ulrichodina Branson and Mehl, 1933, with its genotype species U. abnormalis (Branson and Mehl, 1933) emend., as the senior synonym of Colaptoconus Kennedy, 1994; Eucharodus Kennedy, 1980; and Glyptoconus Kennedy, 1980. Paraserratognathus An in An et al., 1983, emend. is the senior synonym of Wandelia Smith, 1991 and Stultodontus Ji and Barnes, 1994. Tropodus Kennedy, 1980 is the senior synonym of Chionoconus Smith, 1991. The trilobite fauna of the Sciota Member includes species of Isoteloides, Benthamaspis, Acidiphorus and Carolinites, of which I. fisheri is new.
%B Journal of Paleontology %V 80 %P 958-980 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[958:LOFSAS]2.0.CO;2 %R 10.1666/0022-3360(2006)80[958:LOFSAS]2.0.CO;2 %0 Book Section %B Encyclopedia of Anthropology %D 2006 %T Leslie A. White %A C. B. Rieth %E Birx, J. H. %K anthropology %B Encyclopedia of Anthropology %I SAGE Publications %C Thousand Oaks, California %P 2310-2311 %G eng %0 Magazine Article %D 2006 %T The Last Remaining Beech-Nut Circus Car %A J. L. Scherer %K history %B Legacy: The Magazine of the New York State Museum %V 2 %P 16 %G eng %0 Magazine Article %D 2006 %T A Look Back: Dr. Charles C. Adams and the Museums Shaker Collection %A J. L. Scherer %K history %B Legacy: The Magazine of the New York State Museum %V 2 %P 6 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Hydrobiologia %D 2006 %T Long-term Changes in Ecosystem Health of Two Hudson Valley Watershed, New York, USA, 1936-2001. %A Stainbrook, K. M. %A Limburg, K. E. %A R. A. Daniels %A Schmidt, R. E. %K aquatic invertebrates %K biotic indices %K Fish %K historic trends %K New York %K stream ecology %XWe examined long-term ecological change in two Hudson River tributaries, the Wappinger and Fishkill Creek watersheds in Dutchess County, New York State. Fish data spanning 65 years (1936, 1988, 1992, and 2001) and shorter term macroinvertebrate data (1988, 2001) were used to assess the influence of land use practices. Between 1988 and 2001, macroinvertebrate index Biotic Assessment Profile (BAP) improved by 113–165% in the Fishkill Creek watershed, and fish Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) improved by 117–140%. Fish IBI and fish species richness were significantly different (p < 0.01) between the watersheds, with Wappinger Creek in better condition. Long-term fish IBI scores showed degradation in both watersheds since the 1930s. Changes in species composition suggest community homogenization on par with overall changes in the fish fauna of New York. Most notable were increases in tolerant species and declines in intolerant or moderately tolerant species. Whereas Fishkill Creek IBIs showed decline in 1988 relative to 1936, followed by improvement, Wappinger Creek declined monotonically in environmental quality. Development has intensified in both watersheds, but Fishkill Creek is improving while Wappinger Creek watershed is undergoing less mitigated degradation. We find that older, semi-quantitative data can be used to construct environmental quality indicators, and can be of great use for measuring long-term change.
Lion depredations on livestock are largely responsible for their conflicts with humans and for the historic collapse of their geographic range. Understanding of patterns associated with such predation can be used to mitigate its effects and promote more stable coexistence of lions and humans. We analyzed attacks on livestock over a four-years period on two neighboring arid-land ranches adjoining Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. A total of 312 attacks claiming 433 head of stock were examined. Lions were responsible for 85.9% of the attacks; hyenas and cheetahs were the other predators responsible. Lions and hyenas attacked mainly cattle and did so at night, whereas cheetahs almost exclusively took smaller sheep and goats. There was no temporal autocorrelation of daily losses, suggesting that the attacks are independent events. Both number of attacks and number of stock killed showed significant seasonal differences, and their monthly totals correlated positively with precipitation. Intensified predation in the wet season differs from patterns of lion predation elsewhere but reinforces the pattern that large carnivores take more livestock when native prey are most difficult to find and kill. On average, wildlife attacks claimed 2.4% of range stock annually, and livestock represented ca. 5.8% of the diet of ranch lions. This predation represented 2.6% of the herd’s estimated economic value, and cost the ranch $8749 per annum. Each lion cost ranchers approximately $290 per year in depredations.
%B Biological Conservation %V 19 %P 507-516 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/0.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013 %R 0.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013 %0 Book Section %B 'The Most Advantageous Situation in the Highlands': An Archaeological Study of Fort Montgomery State Historic Site. %D 2004 %T The L-shaped Barracks %A C. B. Rieth %E C. L. Fisher %K anthropology %B 'The Most Advantageous Situation in the Highlands': An Archaeological Study of Fort Montgomery State Historic Site. %S Cultural Resources Survey Program Series %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %P 37-58 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Bul. Buffalo Soc. Natural History %D 2003 %T Late Quaternary Climate History of Western New York %A T. Webb III %A Shuman, B. %A Leduc, P. %A P. E. Newby %A N. G. Miller %K biology %B Bul. Buffalo Soc. Natural History %V 37 %P 11-17 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The Encyclopaedia Britannica %D 2002 %T Lion: Panthera leo %A R. W. Kays %K biology %B The Encyclopaedia Britannica %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 2002 %T Latest Early Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils, Trilobites, and Hatch Hill Dysaerobic Interval on the Québec Continental Slope %A E. Landing %A G. Geyer %A Bartowski, K. E. %K Bacchus slice %K Biostratigraphy %K earliest Ordovician %K latest Early Cambrian %K Québec %K Ville Guay %XLatest Early Cambrian continental slope deposition of the early Hatch Hill dysaerobic interval (new name, latest Early Cambrian–earliest Ordovician) is recorded by dark grey shales and turbidite limestones in the Bacchus slice at Ville Guay, Québec. Platform-derived microfaunas of the Bicella bicensis trilobite assemblage were transported into a dysoxic environment of the upper “Anse Maranda Formation,” and many organisms were buried alive. Phosphatization preserved a diverse skeletal fossil assemblage that includes four agnostid trilobites, echinoderm debris, and twenty small shelly fossil taxa. The latter include five helcionellids; Pelagiella Matthew, 1895b, classified herein as a gastropod; a bivalve (FordillaBarrande, 1881); the brachiopod Linnarssonia taconica Walcott, 1887; two conodontomorphs; four hyoliths; and such phosphatic and calcareous problematica as ColeoloidesWalcott, 1889, emend. Most small shelly fossil taxa, including Discinella micansBillings, 1872, range through much of the Olenellus Zone and Elliptocephala asaphoides assemblage interval. Trilobites allow a more resolved correlation into the uppermost Olenellus Zone. A comparable stratigraphy occurs in Cambrian–Ordovician slope facies of the Bacchus slice and the Giddings Brook slice in eastern New York. The “Anse Maranda Formation” correlates with the West Granville–Browns Pond–lower Hatch Hill formations in eastern New York and brackets two dysaerobic intervals (Browns Pond and early Hatch Hill). Sea-level change associated with the Hawke Bay regression between the Browns Pond and Hatch Hill onlap/dysaerobic intervals led to the longest period of oxygenated green shale and sandstone deposition on the east Laurentian slope in the late Early Cambrian–earliest Ordovician.
%B Journal of Paleontology %V 76 %P 287-305 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0287:LECSSF>2.0.CO;2 %R 10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0287:LECSSF>2.0.CO;2 %0 Journal Article %J Mineralium Deposita %D 2002 %T Lead Isotope Signatures of Epithermal and Porphyry-type Deposits from the Romanian Carpathian Mountains %A Marcoux, E. %A Grancea, L. %A M. V. Lupulescu %A Millesi , J. P. %K Carpathians %K Epithermal Porphyry %K Lead isotopes %K Romania %XLead isotope analyses have been performed on the two major Miocene mining districts of Romania, Baia Mare and Apuseni Mountains. These two districts have different non-overlapping 206Pb/204Pb isotopic signatures ranging from 18.752 to 18.876 and 18.497 to 18.740. In the Baia Mare district, epithermal deposits are overall homogeneous in their lead isotopic compositions and have values similar to the average of the calc-alkaline volcanic rocks. These results suggest a magmatic signature for the Pb (and possibly other metals) in the hydrothermal fluids. However, magmas in this district show isotopic evidence of crustal assimilation. In the southern Apuseni Mountains, the lead isotope compositions of sulfide minerals in porphyry copper deposits are clustered, confirming that Pb, and probably other metals, were derived principally from associated porphyry stocks. On the other hand, lead isotope data on sulfides in epithermal ore deposits are much more scattered, indicating a notable contribution of Pb from local country rocks. In the Apuseni Mountains, 'fertile' volcanics are few and appear to come from a more primitive mantle-derived source. Most of the analysed volcanic rocks seem 'barren'. Differences in lead isotopic compositions between the Baia Mare district and the Apuseni Mountains are due to a different basement, and probably to variations in crustal assimilation superimposed on variations in the mantle source composition. In the Apuseni Mountains, Pb may be partly inherited from the previous Mesozoic magmatic–hydrothermal stage. From a geodynamic point of view, it seems that the nature and the source of volcanic rocks and their position related to the collision area of the Carpathian arc are not the only factors controlling the 'fertility' of a volcanic district.
The Late Prehistoric Period in the upper Ohio River Basin is characterized by nucleated farming communities. Historically, these villages, wheterh found in Ohio, northern West Virginia, or southwestern Pennsylvania, have been uncrtitically classified as components of the Monongahela Tradition, ca. A.D. 1000-1630. The present paper examines the utility of the Monongahela concept given the existing data base and outlines a more objective approach for understanding settlement responses to both localized and regional environmental and social conditions.
%B Cultures Before Contact: The Late Prehistory of Ohio and Surrounding Regions %I The Ohio Archaeological Counci %C Columbus, Ohio %P 124-155 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 2000 %T Lower Cambrian (Branchian) Trilobites and Biostratigraphy of the Hanford Brook Formation, Southern New Brunswick %A Westrop, S. R. %A E. Landing %K Avalonia %K Cambrian %K Hanford Brook Formation %K North America %K trilobites %B Journal of Paleontology %V 74 %P 858-878 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0858:LCBTAB>2.0.CO;2 %R 10.1666/0022-3360(2000)074<0858:LCBTAB>2.0.CO;2 %0 Book Section %B The Lamb Site: A Pioneering Clovis Encampment %D 1999 %T Lamb Site Pollen and Macro-fossils %A N. G. Miller %E Gramly, R. M. %K anthropology biology %B The Lamb Site: A Pioneering Clovis Encampment %I Persimmon Press %C Buffalo, New York %P 107, 108 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Geographie Physique et Quaternaire %D 1999 %T Late-Quaternary History of the Alpine Flora of the New Hampshire White Mountains %A N. G. Miller %A Spear, R. W. %K alpine tundra %K alpine zone %K bryophytes %K Lakes of the Clouds %K late- Quaternary distribution %K Mount Washington. %K New Hampshire %K plant macrofossils %K pollen %K vascular plants %K White Mountains %XA distinctive flora of 73 species of vascular plants and numerous bryophytes occurs in the ca. 20 km 2 of alpine tundra in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. The late- Quaternary distribution of these plants, many of which are disjuncts, was investigated by studies of pollen and plant macrofossils from lower Lakes of the Clouds (1 542 m) in the alpine zone of Mount Washington. Results were compared with pollen and macrofossils from lowland late-glacial deposits in western New England. Lowland paleofloras contained fossils of 43 species of vascular plants, 13 of which occur in the contemporary alpine flora of the White Mountains. A majority of species in the paleoflora has geographic affinities to Labrador, northern Québec, and Greenland, a pattern also apparent for mosses in the lowland deposits. The first macrofossils in lower Lakes of the Clouds were arctic-alpine mosses of acid soils. Although open-ground mosses and vascular plants continued to occur throughout the Holocene, indicating that alpine tundra persisted, fossils of a low-elevation moss Hylocomiastrum umbratum are evidence that forest (perhaps as krummholz) covered a greater area near the basin from 7 500 to 3 500 yBP. No calcicolous plants were recovered from sediments at lower Lakes of the Clouds. Climatic constraints on the alpine flora during the Younger Dryas oscillation and perhaps during other cold-climate events and intervening periods of higher temperature may have led to the loss of plant species in the White Mountain alpine zone. Late-glacial floras of lowland western New England were much richer than floras of areas above treeline during late-glacial time and at the present.
%B Geographie Physique et Quaternaire %V 53 %P 137-157 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/004854ar %R 10.7202/004854ar %0 Book Section %B Icons of Power: Feline Symbolism in the Americas %D 1998 %T Long-Tail: The Panther in Huron-Wyandot and Seneca Myth, Ritual and Material Culture %A G. R. Hamell %E Saunders, N. J. %K anthropology %B Icons of Power: Feline Symbolism in the Americas %I Routledge %C New York %P 258-286 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the New York Entomological Society %D 1998 %T The Larva of Hypena manalis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hypeninae) %A T. L. McCabe %A Vargas, V. %K Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) %K Hypena manalis (Walker) %K larva %K larval food plants %XThe larval food plant of Hypena manalis (Walker) proves to be bog hemp, Boehmeria cylindrica (L.). Partly grown larvae rejected stinging nettle, Urtica dioica (L.). The mature larva of H. manalis is described and illustrated. It is compared to larvae of H. bijugalis, H. baltimoralis, H. madefactalis, and H. humuli.
%B Journal of the New York Entomological Society %V 106 %P 109-113 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/25010267 %0 Journal Article %J The Journal of American History %D 1996 %T Louisiana State Museum %A J. F. Meany Jr. %A Engelke, K. W. %K history %B The Journal of American History %V 83 %P 946-952 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/2945646 %R 10.2307/2945646 %0 Book Section %B Biological Diversity in Maine: An Assessment of Status and Trends in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Landscape %D 1996 %T Liverwort Diversity in Maine %A N. G. Miller %E Gawler, S. C. %E Albright, J. J. %E Vickery, P. D. %E Smith, F. C. %K biology %B Biological Diversity in Maine: An Assessment of Status and Trends in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Landscape %I Maine Natural Areas Program %P 72-79 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Biological Diversity in Maine: An Assessment of Status and Trends in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Landscape %D 1996 %T Liverworts %A N. G. Miller %E Gawler, S. C. %E Albright, J. J. %E Vickery, P. D. %E Smith, F. C. %K biology %B Biological Diversity in Maine: An Assessment of Status and Trends in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Landscape %I Maine Natural Areas Program %P 18-19 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Quaternary Science Reviews %D 1993 %T Late-Glacial Pollen, Macrofossils and Fish Remains in Northeastern U.S.A.--The Younger Dryas Oscillation %A D. Peteet %A R. A. Daniels %A Heusser, L. E. %A Vogel, J. S. %A Southon, J. R. %A Nelson, D. E. %K Allamuchy Pond %K Connecticut %K environmental histories %K fish scales %K late-glacial %K Linsley Pond %K macrofossil %K New Jersey %K pollen %XAt least 35 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were recovered from excavations conducted in 1988 and 1990 at Joralemon's Cave, Town of Coeymans. Albany County, New York. Formerly known as Fish Club Cave, this site was excavated initially in 1962-1964 by R.E. Funk and R.A. Johnson, who reported bones of whitetailed deer (96% of all bones) and five other species associated with lithic artifacts of Woodland and Late Archaic age. Our more recent excavations yielded bones of one
species that no longer occurs in New York State (Neotoma magister, Allegheny woodrat) and three other species that either are absent or extremely rare within 70-20 km of the site (Crotalus horridus, timber rattlesnake; Synaptomys cooperi, southern bog lemming; Ursus americanus, black bear). Our larger, faunal assemblage, obtained front a much smaller volume of excavated sediment, reflects: 1) the use of finemesh (1/16-in) screens: 2), faunal and cultural differences between the front and back of the cave; and 3) a search image oriented as much to bones as artifacts. While Joralemon's Care clearly is an archaeological site, it is also partly paleontological in origin (i.e., it contains bones deposited by non-human means). We believe that the vertebrate faunas
from most "archaeological" sites in caves and rockshelters include a significant paleontological component that should be regarded as such when interpreting faunal assemblages in terms of human subsistence.
The Early Ordovician Tribes Hill Formation of east-central New York State is a sequence of peritidal to subtidal carbonates and minor shales that rests disconformably on Late Cambrian carbonates and is, in turn, succeeded disconformably by Middle Ordovician strata. More than 800 trilobites from 24 collections are assigned to six species: Bellefontia gyracantha (Raymond), Clelandia parabola (Cleland), Hystricurus ellipticus (Cleland), Hystricurus cf. Hystricurus oculilunatus Ross, Symphysurina convexa (Cleland), and Symphysurina cf. Symphysurina woosteri Ulrich. Two distinct biofacies are present: the Bellefontia Biofacies in subtidal shales with thin, storm-generated bioclastic interbeds, and the Gastropod–rostroconch Biofacies in shallow, carbonate bank lithofacies. The trilobites of the Tribes Hill Formation are assigned to a single, informal biostratigraphic unit, the Clelandia parabola Fauna, which is correlative with trilobite Zone B of the Garden City Formation of Utah and with the Bellefontia franklinense Subzone of the McKenzie Hill Formation of Oklahoma.
A fossil of Anthelia from late-Pleistocene sediments at Tom Swamp, Massachusetts, consisted of a portion of a plant bearing the characteristic three rows of isomorphic, deeply bifid leaves. The fossil Anthelia indicates the existence of areas of late-lying snow in an essentially treeless, late-Pleistocene landscape. Associated bryophyte (mainly moss) and tracheophyte fossils establish the presence of additional hygric and mesic habitat types.
The occurrence of Anthelia and other leafy liverwort fossils in the basal inorganic sediments at Tom Swamp is unusual. Features of these fossils suggest that the translucent quality of some of the fragments and their small size (1 mm or smaller), which relates to fragmentation during transport, diagenesis and extraction (the breakage resulting from a weak middle lamella between the cells), may be reasons for the rarity of Pleistocene and Holocene fossils of liverworts.
%B Journal of Bryology %V 15 %P 583-588 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jbr.1989.15.3.583 %R 10.1179/jbr.1989.15.3.583 %0 Journal Article %J Archaeology of Eastern North America %D 1988 %T The Laurentian Concept: A Review %A Funk, R. E. %K anthropology %XEight species of lizards are reported from the islands of Rarotonga and Mangaia with comments on their distribution, ecology, reproduction, and variation. Particular attention is given to systematic problems in the genus Cryptoblepharus and pattern polymorphism in Emoia cyanura. Emoia trossula, recently described from Fiji, is reported for the first time in the Cook Islands. Historic and zoogeographic evidence suggests that most species of lizards arrived on Rarotonga and Mangaia in Polynesian voyaging canoes within the past 1000 years, although Gehyra mutilata and Hemidactylus garnotii may have arrived by incidental boat or air transport in the past several decades.
%B Pacific Science %V 40 %P 44-57 %G eng %U http://hdl.handle.net/10125/1003 %0 Book Section %B Centennial Field Guide %D 1987 %T Lower Devonian Limestones, Helderberg Escarpment, New York %A Fisher, D. W. %E Roy, D. C. %K geology paleontology %B Centennial Field Guide %I Geolical Society of America %C Boulder, Colorado %P 119-122 %G eng %U https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=unxIAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA119&dq=Lower+Devonian+Limestones,+Helderberg+Escarpment,+New+York&ots=ep8uZIHRU2&sig=Ns134RSgeniIrfhrDq0y8jrNn00#v=onepage&q=Lower%20Devonian%20Limestones%2C%20Helderberg%20Escarpment%2C %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the New York Entomological Society %D 1987 %T Lectotype Designations for the Ticks (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) Described by Asa Fitch %A Keirans , J. E. %A Barnes, J. K. %K biology %XThe phytoplankton community of south Lake George, New York, has recently undergone a dramatic shift in composition; from a community dominated by Chrysophytes, Cryptomonads, and Chlorophyta (1975–1976) to one currently dominated by blue-green algae, i.e.Anacystis incerta and Aphanothece nidulans. No increases in nutrient concentrations or inputs have been documented before or during this period. This shift in dominance can be related to changes in higher trophic levels, i.e. grazers and planktivores. Standing crop and abundance of the small-bodied filter feeders, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia galeata, D. dubia, Holopedium gibberum, Diaptomus minutus and D. sicilis are significantly greater in the south basin. Standing crop and abundance of the large-bodied Crustacea, Daphnia pulicaria, Epishura lacustris and Mysis relicta, are significantly greater in the north basin. The clutch sizes of all herbivorous species except D. minutus were significantly greater in the south basin populations. These differences are consistent with greater productivity and size slective planktivory in the south basin. Stomach analysis of the recently introduced rainbow smelt, Osmerus mordax indicates a marked selection for the large-bodied Crustacea. The establishment of large populations of rainbow smelt in the south basin of Lake George is responsible for significant basin differences in the abundance of large-bodied Crustacea and appears to have contributed to the changes in phytoplankton community composition. The shift to small-bodied Crustacea in the south basin has resulted in significantly lower grazing rates but generally higher P release rates in the south basin. These factors contribute to greater springtime phytoplankton production and silica depletion in the south basin. Coccoid blue-green algae are able to dominate waters with low phosphorus and silica concentrations, i.e. Lake George. Thus, the establishment of rainbow smelt in Lake George coincides with, and appears to be responsible for, changes in phytoplankton community composition.
%B Journal of Plankton Research %V 9 %P 27-39 %G eng %U http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/1/27.abstract %R 10.1093/plankt/9.1.27 %0 Book Section %B The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, eastern New York %D 1986 %T Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy of the Catskill Mountains, New York %A D. H. Cadwell %E D. H. Cadwell %K geology %B The Wisconsinan Stage of the First Geological District, eastern New York %S New York State Museum Bulletin %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %P 73-88 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Current Research in the Pleistocene %D 1986 %T The late Quaternary Hiscock Site, Genesee County, New York %A D. W. Steadman %A Laub, R. S. %A N. G. Miller %K biology paleontology %B Current Research in the Pleistocene %V 3 %P 22, 23 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Field Trips Guidebook. Canadian Paleontology and Biostratigraphy Seminar, Ste. Foy, Quebec %D 1985 %T The Levis Formation: Passive Margin Slope Processes and Dynamic Stratigraphy in the Western Area %A E. Landing %A Benus, A. P. %E Riva, J. F. %K geology paleontology %B Field Trips Guidebook. Canadian Paleontology and Biostratigraphy Seminar, Ste. Foy, Quebec %I Universite Laval Press %C Quebec %P 1-11 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Hydrobiologia %D 1985 %T Life History, Population Dynamics and Production of Pontoporeia hoyi (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in Relation to the Trophic Gradient of Lake George, New York %A C. A. Siegfried %K Amphipoda %K benthos %K life history %K Pontoporeia hoyi %K production %XThe life history characteristics, population dynamics and production of Pontoporeia hoyi in Lake George, New York, were studied from May 1981 through October 1982. P. hoyi, in terms of both density and standing crop, is the most prevalent member of the deep water macrobenthos of Lake George. It reproduces in the winter, with young being released in the late winter-early spring. At the southernmost study site, young released in the spring grew to 6–7 mm in length and bred during their first winter. At the remaining sites, P. hoyi required two years to complete its life cycle. This difference in life history characteristics can be related to food availability and temperature differences. The open waters of the south end of Lake George are not only more productive but are also more closely associated with the littoral zone, providing a wealth of bacteria-rich detritus for benthic deposit feeders. The greater food availability in the south basin of Lake George is reflected in significantly larger brood sizes and smaller size at maturity for P. hoyi populations from the south end of the lake.
The southernmost study site has significantly greater P. hoyi density and standing crop than all other sites. The cohort of the year dominated density and standing crop at the southern site while the cohort of the previous year dominated standing crop at the other sites. Peak abundance ranged from 600 · m−2 at the north site to 2 900 · m−2 at the south site. Cohort production ranged from ∼2g · m–2 at the north site to ∼15g · m−2 at the south site.
%B Hydrobiologia %V 122 %P 175-180 %G eng %U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00032105 %R 10.1007/BF00032105 %0 Journal Article %J Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History %D 1984 %T The Late Wisconsinan Vertebrate Fauna from Deadman Cave, Southern Arizona %A Mead, J. I. %A Roth, E. L. %A Van Devender, T. R. %A D. W. Steadman %K biology paleontology %B Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History %V 20 %P 247-276 %G eng %R 10.5962/bhl.part.29007 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Agricultural Entomology %D 1984 %T Laboratory Evaluation of Commercial Formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Against Mosquito and Black Fly Larvae. %A D. P. Molloy %A Wraight, S. P. %A Kaplan, B. %A Gerardi, J. %A Petersen, P. %K biology %XThree commercial black fly and mosquito larvicidal formulations of Bacillus
thuringiensis Berliner var. israelensis de Barjac were bioassayed to determine their potencies relative to the international standard powder, IPS-78. The potencies of the wettable powder (WP) formulations of Bactimos™ and Vectobac™ and the water dispersible concentrate (WDC) TeknarN were determined to be 4530, 5723, and 336 International Toxic Units (ITU)/mg, respectively, against Simulium spp.; their respective ITU/mg values against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) were 3556, 2317, and 1373. Little correlation (r2 = 0.47) was evident between the potency rating (ITU/mg) of the formulations against mosquitoes and black flies; this indicated that the potency rating of a formulation against black flies cannot be simply predicted from the A. aegypti ITU/mg rating on its label. A moderate correlation between formulation potency and mean particle size was observed in the black fly assays (r2 = 0.77), but not against mosquitoes (r2 = 0.20). Aqueou s suspensions of Teknar-WDC had a significantly smaller mean particle size and stayed significantly longer in suspension than other formulations. The relatively long duration of suspension of Teknar-WDC was viewed as important since the toxic crystals wou ld be less likely to settle out in mosquito and black fly habitats. A ratio based on the LC50 values determined from standardized bioassay methods is suggested as a convenient way to express the relative potency of a formulation against mosquitoes and black flies.
%B Journal of Agricultural Entomology %V 1 %P 161-168 %G eng %U http://scentsoc.org/Volumes/JAE/v1/2/00012161.pdf %0 Journal Article %J Verhangen International Verein Limnology %D 1984 %T Lake Acidification and the Biology of Adirondack Lakes I. Rotifer Communities %A C. A. Siegfried %A Sutherland, J.W. %A S. O. Quinn %A Bloomfield, J.A. %K biology %B Verhangen International Verein Limnology %V 22 %P 549-558 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Lake and Reservoir Management %D 1984 %T Lake Acidification and the Biology of Adirondack Lakes: Crustacean Zooplankton Communities %A Sutherland, J. W. %A Quinn, S. O. %A Bloomfield, J. A. %A Siegfried, C. A. %X
Laboratory tests were conducted under simulated stream conditions to determine the efficacies of microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan® 10–10) against Simulium and Prosimulium late-instar larvae. In tests with eight formulations, no correlation was evident between efficacy and formulation stability (i.e., cross-linking ratio). The most effective formulations were 34-75-50A, 119-75-6A, and 119-75-6C. The LC50 and LC90 values of 34–75–50A against S. vittatum were 5.5 μg/L and 24 μg/L/10 min. respectively. The formulations 119-75-6A and 119-75-6C were statistically not different from 34-75-50A. Prosimulium magnum was less susceptible (LC50 = 36μg/L, LC90 = 205 μg/L). Susceptibility among S. vittatum larvae varied inversely with size. Treatment with formulation 34-75-50A at 237 μg/L/10 min (the observed LC100 for S. vittatum) severely affected nymphs of the mayfly Baetis sp. and the stonefly Taeniopteryx burksi, but had a minimal effect on most other detritivores, filter-feeding caddisflies (Hydropsyche betteni and Brachycentrus sp.), and predators. Mortality increased significantly in some of these latter species, however, when exposed to 492 μg/L/10 min (the observed LC100 for P. magnum). Tests indicated that there was some leakage of active ingredient from the microcapsules into the water. Although the microencapsulated formulations of chlorpyrifos-methyl were designed to have selective toxicity to black fly larvae, our laboratory tests indicated that they were not as safe towards nonfilter feeders as had been expected.
%B The Canadian Entomologist %V 115 %P 1189-1201 %G eng %U http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8550864&fileId=S0008347X00035434 %R 10.4039/Ent1151189-9 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the New York Entomological Society %D 1982 %T Larval Morphology and Phylogeny of Trichordestra tacoma (Strecker) (Noctuidae) %A T. L. McCabe %A Godfrey, G. L. %K biology %XThe limnology of Big Bear Lake, San Bernardino County, a high mountain reservoir in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California was studied from Nov. 1976 through Nov. 1978. Although the 1st yr of study covered a period of severe drought involving the lowest water levels in 10 yr and the lake was at or near capacity during the 2nd yr, the general limnology was similar each year. The lake typically stratifies in early spring and surface temperatures reach about 22.degree. C by mid-summer. Complete mixing occurs by Sept. Anoxia develops in the hypolimnion during stratification, increasing internal nutrient loading from sediments. The annual phytoplankton cycle peaks in the spring and late summer. Diatoms dominate in early spring, green algae briefly dominates in early summer and blue-green algae dominates from mid-summer to fall. In 1977, Anabaena and Chroococcus were the most abundant algal genera. In 1978, Anabaena dominated the early summer community, but Aphanizomenon flos-aquae dominated from late summer to fall. Algal growth appears to be limited by P from winter to spring, while N is limiting in the fall. P and N loads from tributaries draining the urbanized southeast portion of the drainage are disproportionately high. Nutrient loading rates are excessive, and well into the eutrophic range. Trophic status was similar in both years. Big Bear Lake will likely remain eutrophic because of its shallow morphology, high nutrient content and basin orientation and development.
%B California Fish and Game %V 68 %P 90-108 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the New York Entomological Society %D 1981 %T The Larva of Agrotis volubilis Harvey (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) %A T. L. McCabe %K biology %X