Cultural Resources Data Recovery Report of the Naima Site (NYSM #11658), including the Ebenezer Smith House Town of Smithtown, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (New York State Museum Cultural Resource Survey Program Series, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 0011.43.101, Northern State Parkway Exit Ramp 42N, Town of Huntington, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Site Examination Report for PIN 8812.14.101, the Wilbur Site (NYSM #12634), Town of Milan, Dutchess County, New York. - D. E. Mazeau (New York State Museum, 2015)

Bryophytes of Martha's Vineyard and Nomans Land, Massachusetts, USA - Miller, N. G.; Robinson, S. C. (Rhodora, 2015)
The bryoflora of Martha’s Vineyard and Nomans Land has received little organized study. However, these islands of 100 mi2 and 1 mi2, respectively, seven miles south of Cape Cod, are of considerable bryological interest. They are part of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are located near the northern, largely submerged end of this physiographic province, which extends southward along the entire eastern coast of the United States. Late Pleistocene glaciers reached as far south as the Vineyard area, leaving behind massive deposits of terminal moraine and associated outwash that remained above sea level as islands when the sea transgressed landward at end of the Ice Age. The maritime climate of Martha’s Vineyard and Nomans Land is characterized by moderate temperatures throughout the year, and the islands lack large seasonal temperature variation typical of more continental regions. Thus, on the basis of these and other circumstances the bryoflora of the Vineyard and Nomans Land was expected to consist of an interesting mixture of southern and northern species, some of which potentially are at their range limits. Four visits to Martha’s Vineyard and one visit to Nomans Land resulted in 480 collections documenting 168 taxa (1 hornwort, 43 liverworts, and 124 mosses). Of these, 15 (11 1iverworts, and four mosses) are new records for Massachusetts. A list of the taxa found and brief descriptions of collecting sites are presented in two  appendices.

Cultural Resources Archaeological Monitoring Letter Report for PIN 3287.20.121 Fence Removal at the Robert Simmonds Site, Town of Lysander, Onondaga County, New York - Moragne, S. (New York State Museum, 2015)

Phase IB Cultural Resources Reconnaissance survey report for DEC Five Rivers Proposed Entrance Realignment, Village of Delmar, Albany County, New York - Moragne, S. (New York State Museum, 2015)

Investigating Devonian Trees as Geo-Engineers Of Past Climates: Linking Palaeosols to Palaeobotany and Experimental Geobiology - Morris, J. L.; Leake, J. R.; Stein, W. E.; Berry, C. M.; Marshall, J. E. A.; Wellman, C. H.; Milton, J. A.; Hillier, S.; Mannolini, F.; Quirk, J.; Beerling, D. J. (Palaeontology, 2015)
We present the rationale for a cross-disciplinary investigation addressing the ‘Devonian plant hypothesis’ which proposes that the evolutionary appearance of trees with deep, complex rooting systems represents one of the major biotic feedbacks on geochemical carbon cycling during the Phanerozoic. According to this hypothesis, trees have dramatically enhanced mineral weathering driving an increased flux of Ca2+ to the oceans and, ultimately, a 90% decline in atmospheric CO2 levels through the Palaeozoic. Furthermore, experimental studies indicate a key role for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil–plant processes and especially in unlocking the limiting nutrient phosphorus in soil via Ca-phosphate dissolution mineral weathering. This suggests co-evolution of roots and symbiotic fungi since the Early Devonian could well have triggered positive feedbacks on weathering rates whereby root–fungal P release supports higher biomass forested ecosystems. Long-standing areas of uncertainty in this paradigm include the following: (1) limited fossil record documenting the origin and timeline of the evolution of tree-sized plants through the Devonian; and (2) the effects of the evolutionary advance of trees and their in situ rooting structures on palaeosol geochemistry. We are addressing these issues by integrating palaeobotanical studies with geochemical and mineralogical analyses of palaeosol sequences at selected sites across eastern North America with a particular focus on drill cores from Middle Devonian forests in Greene County, New York State.
Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza; climate change; Devonian plant hypothesis; Devonian trees; land plant evolution; mineral weathering

Parasitoid Venom Induces Metabolic Cascades in Fly Hosts - Mrinalini; Siebert, A. L.; J. J Wright; Martinson, E.; Wheeler, D.; Werren, J. H. (Metabolomics, 2015)
Parasitoid wasps inject insect hosts with a cocktail of venoms to manipulate the physiology, development, and immunity of the hosts and to promote development of the parasitoid offspring. The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis is a model parasitoid with at least 79 venom proteins. We conducted a high-throughput analysis of Nasonia venom effects on temporal changes of 249 metabolites in pupae of the flesh fly host (Sarcophaga bullata), over a 5-day time course. Our results show that venom does not simply arrest the metabolism of the fly host. Rather, it targets specific metabolic processes while keeping hosts alive for at least 5 days post venom injection by the wasp. We found that venom: (a) activates the sorbitol biosynthetic pathway while maintaining stable glucose levels, (b) causes a shift in intermediary metabolism by switching to anaerobic metabolism and blocking the tricarboxylic acid cycle, (c) arrests chitin biosynthesis that likely reflects developmental arrest of adult fly structures, (d) elevates the majority of free amino acids, and (e) may be increasing phospholipid degradation. Despite sharing some metabolic effects with cold treatment, diapause, and hypoxia, the venom response is distinct from these conditions. Because Nasonia venom dramatically increases sorbitol levels without changing glucose levels, it could be a useful model for studying the regulation of the sorbitol pathway, which is relevant to diabetes research. Our findings generally support the view that parasitoid venoms are a rich source of bioactive molecules with potential biomedical applications.
Keywords: biology

Middle Devonian (Givetian) Sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of Early Cosmopolitanism - Potvin-Leduc, D.; Cloutier, R.; E. Landing; L. VanAller Hernick; Mannolini, F. (Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 2015)
Whereas cosmopolitan distribution patterns are established for many Late Devonian vertebrates (e.g., placoderms, onychodontiforms), few palaeobiogeographic studies have considered chondrichthyans. Recent discoveries of shark material demonstrate that some chondrichthyans were cosmopolitan by the Middle Devonian. Abundant Givetian microremains have been recovered from the Cairo quarry in eastern New York State, USA. These include teeth of two shark species with Gondwanan affinities, the omalodontid Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. and the antarctilamnid Wellerodus priscus. Abundant teeth of P. mannoliniae sp. nov. are characterized by a smooth diplodont crown, polarized cusps, and a labially oriented base. The teeth demonstrate monognathic heterodonty. The juvenile morph is distinguished from the adult by smaller size, slender cusps, and variation in the shape of the base. W. priscus is represented by rare juvenile teeth. Two groups of scales that show affinity to material from northern (Spain) and East Gondwana (Antarctica) are tentatively attributed to the two described species. Antarctilamnid distribution suggests a north Gondwanan origin and a colonization of the margin of the landmass before dispersing to Laurentia by the Middle Devonian. This material further indicates that vertebrate global dispersal was initiated by the Middle Devonian, and emphasizes earlier palaeogeographic interpretations that the Middle Devonian “Hamilton fauna” of North American Laurussia originated in the Early Devonian in South American Gondwana.
Keywords: Antarctilamnidae; Chondrichthyes; Devonian; Elasmobranchii; North America; Omalodontiformes; ontogeny; palaeobiogeography; taxonomy

A New Wood Warbler Hybrid (Oreothlypis celata x O. ruficapilla) from the Adirondack Mountains, New York - Ralston, J.; Ermacor, D. A.; J. J. Kirchman (The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 2015)
The incidence rate of hybridization appears to be much higher for parulid warblers compared to other bird taxa. Over 50% of the species in this family have been reported to hybridize. Here, we report genetic and morphometric analysis of a suspected hybrid of a previously unreported species cross in the genus Oreothlypis, captured in a montane spruce-fir forest in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. We compared sequences of the mitochondrial ND2 and the nuclear Z chromosomal aconitase intron 9 to published warbler sequences to determine parentage, and compared plumage and morphology to museum specimens. ND2 sequence closely matched Orange-crowned Warbler (O. celata), while aconitase matched Nashville Warbler (O. ruficapilla). Because our specimen was a male and was homozygous for ruficapilla alleles at the Z chromosome, we determined the hybridization event occurred at least two generations ago. This suggests hybridization between these species produces viable offspring. Plumage of the warbler was nearly indistinguishable from pure Nashville Warbler specimens. A Principle Components Analysis of morphometric data showed the hybrid to be morphologically intermediate between the two parent species. This hybridization event occurred well outside of Orange-crowned Warblers' breeding distribution, a finding consistent with Hubbs' principle which states that hybridization is more likely when conspecifics are rare or unavailable. Our finding demonstrates the importance of specimen collecting and genetic methods in documenting aspects of natural history that may be cryptic or infrequent in nature.
Keywords: Adirondacks; hybridization; Oreothlypis; Parulidae; warbler

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 1089.90.101, Archaeological Survey Report for Route 30, Town of Lexington, Greene County, New York - C. B. Rieth (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report of PIN 1013.11, Route 42 over the Schoharie Creek, Town of Lexington, Greene County, New York - C. B. Rieth (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Site Examination of the Schoharie Creek III Site, Route 7/30A, Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York - C. B. Rieth (2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Survey Report of PIN 1721.51.121, Tier IA Testing at the Engel Farm Precontact Site (NYSM # 12583), Exit 3 and 4 Reconstruction Town of Colonie, Albany County, New York - C. B. Rieth; D. E. Mazeau; Moragne, S.; A. Lynch; Dubuque, J.; Van Nest, J.; A. L. Kozlowski (New York State Museum, 2015)

Review of 'Social Archaeologist of Trade and Exchange: Exploring Relationships Among People, Places, and Things', edited by Alexander Bauer and Anna Agbe-Davies - C. B. Rieth (Anthropology Review Database, 2015)

The Vroman I Site (NYSM # 10146 and 10148) and The Vroman II Site (NYSM # 10147) for PIN 9125.05.121 Routes 30/30A Intersection and Vroman Corners Intersection Town of Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York - C. B. Rieth (Cultural Resource Survey Program Series, 2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Art for the People: Decorated Stoneware from the Weitsman Collection - J. L. Scherer (New York State Museum Memoir, 2015)
Keywords: New York; Pottery; Stoneware

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 7035.13.121 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for Intersection Improvement at Eddie Drive and NY 22, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, N.Y - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for PIN 9806.80.101: Culver #C920157, Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Architectural Survey for PIN 9806.80.101: Culver #C950090, Exeter, Otsego County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Architectural Survey Report for PIN 9806.81.101 (C950098), NY Route 80, Town of Edmeston, Otsego County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Architectural Survey Report for PIN 9806.81.101 (C950670), NY Route 28 and 30, Town of New Lisbon, Otsego County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

PIN 3043.65.121, Rehabilitation of BIN 4008540, US Route 11 over Oneida River, Towns of Cicero (MCD 06702) and Hastings (MCD 07507), Onondaga and Oswego Counties, New York, Volume II: Architecture - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

PIN 9806.81.101, Replacement or Repair of Culvert C950056, NYS Route 28, Town of Otsego (MCD 07716) Otsego County, New York Vol. II: Architecture - V. A. Schmitt (New York State Museum, 2015)

Combined Major and Trace Element Characterization of Tourmaline: Using EPMA to Address Elemental Fractionation by Laser Ablation - Singer, J. W.; M. V. Lupulescu (Microscopy and Microanalysis, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for PIN 9806.81.101, Large Culvert Replacement and Repair, Town of Worcester, Otsego County, New York - Sobik, C. (New York State Museum, 2015)

Site Examination for Various Sites including the Hale Eddy Heights Site, Hamlet of Hale Eddy, Town of Deposit, Delaware County, New York, PIN 9066.91.121 - Sobik, C. (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 9806.81.101, Replacement or Repair of Culvert C950090, NYS Route 51, Town of Exeter, Otsego County, New York - D. Staley (New York State Museum, 2015)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 9806.81.101, Replacement or Repair of Culvert C950001, NYS Route 7, Town of Unadilla, Otsego County, New York - D. Staley (2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Brooktrout Lake Case Study -- Biotic Recovery from Acid Deposition 20 Years after the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments - Sutherland, J. W.; Acker, F. W.; Bloomfield, J. A.; C. W. Boylen; Charles, D. F.; Daniels, D. A.; Eichler, L. W.; Farrell, J. L.; R. S. Feranec; Hare, M. P.; Kanfoush, S. L.; Preall, R. J.; et al. (Environmental Science and Technology, 2015)
The Adirondack Mountain region is an extensive geographic area (26,305 km2) in upstate New York where acid deposition has negatively affected water resources for decades and caused the extirpation of local fish populations. The water quality decline and loss of an established brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis [Mitchill]) population in Brooktrout Lake were reconstructed from historical information dating back to the late 1880s. Water quality and biotic recovery were documented in Brooktrout Lake in response to reductions of S deposition during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s and provided a unique scientific opportunity to re-introduce fish in 2005 and examine their critical role in the recovery of food webs affected by acid deposition. Using C and N isotope analysis of fish collagen and state hatchery feed as well as Bayesian assignment tests of microsatellite genotypes, we document in situ brook trout reproduction, which is the initial phase in the restoration of a preacidification food web structure in Brooktrout Lake. Combined with sulfur dioxide emissions reductions promulgated by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, our results suggest that other acid-affected Adirondack waters could benefit from careful fish re-introduction protocols to initiate the ecosystem reconstruction of important components of food web dimensionality and functionality.
Keywords: biology

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 2805.58.101, Rehabilitation of Stone Culvert # 089888, Village of Clinton, Town of Kirkland, Oneida County, New York - T. Thomas (New York State Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, 2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Architectural Survey for PIN 9806.80.101, Route 28, Town of Middletown, Delaware County, New York - T. Thomas (2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Geoarchaeological Assessment for a Proposed Culvert Replacement near Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York (PIN 9806.80.101), NYS Route 206 Culvert # C920157 - Van Nest, J. (New York State Museum, 2015)

On a Winter's Night, All the Ice Came Down (1916) - C. A. Ver Straeten (Friends of Thatcher State Park, 2015)
Keywords: geology

Exposure-related Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on Juvenile Unionid Mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1066 - Weber, K. L.; Luoma, J. A.; D. A. Mayer; Aloisi, D. B.; Eckert, N. L. (United States Geological Survey, 2015)
The exposure-related effects of a commercially prepared spray-dried powder (SDP) or freeze-dried powder (FDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) on the survival of seven species of newly metamorphosed (<72 hours old) freshwater unionid mussels was evaluated. Forty unionid mussels of each species were randomly distributed to test chambers and each species independently exposed for 24 hours to a static dose of either SDP (four species: Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis higginsii, andLigumia recta) or FDP (three species: Obovaria olivaria, Actinonaias ligamentina, andMegalonaias nervosa). Each test chamber was assigned to one of six treatment groups (n = four chambers per group) by using a randomized block design. The six treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) groups that received applications with nominal target active ingredient (AI) concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and (3) a group that received an application with a nominal target AI concentration of 300 mg/L of heat-deactivated test article (300 HD). After a 24-hour exposure period, water inflow to the test chambers was restored, and the unionid mussels were maintained for an additional 7 days before they were assessed for survival. Mean survival of four unionid mussels species exposed to SDP varied among species and treatment groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The results indicate that exposure to SDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of L. siliquoidea and L. higginsii. Low mean survival in the L. recta control group (25.0 percent) indicates that results for L. recta should be interpreted with caution. Mean survival of the L. cardium was significantly lower in all treated groups (14.4 to 40.6 percent) compared to the control group (68.8 percent). These results indicate that further investigation on the impact of SDP-formulated P. fluorescens on L. recta and L. cardium is warranted. Mean survival of three unionid mussels species exposed to FDP was not significantly different in the 50-, 100-, and 200-mg/L AI treatment groups and the 300 mg/L heat-deactivated treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Mean survival of O. olivaria and M. nervosa was significantly lower in the 300-mg/L AI treated groups (38.1 and 48.1 percent, respectively) compared to the control groups (71.9 and 88.1 percent, respectively). The results indicate that exposure to FDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of O. olivaria, A. ligamentina, and M. nervosa.
Keywords: biology

Exposure-related Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on Juvenile Unionid Mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1066 - Weber, K. L.; Luoma, J. A.; D. A. Mayer; Aloisi, D. B.; Eckert, N. L. (2015)
The exposure-related effects of a commercially prepared spray-dried powder (SDP) or freeze-dried powder (FDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) on the survival of seven species of newly metamorphosed (<72 hours old) freshwater unionid mussels was evaluated. Forty unionid mussels of each species were randomly distributed to test chambers and each species independently exposed for 24 hours to a static dose of either SDP (four species: Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis higginsii, and Ligumia recta) or FDP (three species: Obovaria olivaria, Actinonaias ligamentina, and Megalonaias nervosa). Each test chamber was assigned to one of six treatment groups (n = four chambers per group) by using a randomized block design. The six treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) groups that received applications with nominal target active ingredient (AI) concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and (3) a group that received an application with a nominal target AI concentration of 300 mg/L of heat-deactivated test article (300 HD). After a 24-hour exposure period, water inflow to the test chambers was restored, and the unionid mussels were maintained for an additional 7 days before they were assessed for survival. Mean survival of four unionid mussels species exposed to SDP varied among species and treatment groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The results indicate that exposure to SDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of L. siliquoidea and L. higginsii. Low mean survival in the L. recta control group (25.0 percent) indicates that results for L. recta should be interpreted with caution. Mean survival of the L. cardium was significantly lower in all treated groups (14.4 to 40.6 percent) compared to the control group (68.8 percent). These results indicate that further investigation on the impact of SDP-formulated P. fluorescens on L. recta and L. cardium is warranted. Mean survival of three unionid mussels species exposed to FDP was not significantly different in the 50-, 100-, and 200-mg/L AI treatment groups and the 300 mg/L heat-deactivated treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Mean survival of O. olivaria and M. nervosa was significantly lower in the 300-mg/L AI treated groups (38.1 and 48.1 percent, respectively) compared to the control groups (71.9 and 88.1 percent, respectively). The results indicate that exposure to FDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of O. olivaria, A. ligamentina, and M. nervosa.
Keywords: biology

Evolutionary History of Venom Glands in the Siluriformes - J. J Wright (Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins, 2015)
The order Siluriformes represents a hyperdiverse group of fishes (>3,000 currently recognized species), which has been known to contain venomous species diversity for over 250 years. In spite of this historical knowledge, scientific examinations of the basic characteristics and evolutionary history of these species’ venom glands, and their products, have been extremely sparse compared to those of terrestrial venomous organisms, or even venomous fishes in general. Here, the current state of knowledge regarding the venom glands of catfishes and their products is examined in a review of morphological, pharmacological, and chemical studies of these structures. Several hypotheses regarding the evolution of siluriform venom glands are able to be drawn from the information contained in these studies as well as the limited work that has attempted to study the evolution of these structures in detail. These include selective scenarios to explain the secondary losses of venom glands in several catfish species and families, compositional variation in siluriform venom chemistry, and the derivation of venom glands from secretory cells of the epidermis. Future work directly addressing multiple issues of venom production and composition in catfishes is necessary before investigations of the evolution of siluriform venoms and delivery structures can reach the levels of detail and sophistication seen in other venomous groups. These studies will benefit greatly from the advent of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic methods, which have seen wide use in examinations of venoms produced by other taxa, but have yet to be widely applied to analyses of piscine venoms.
Keywords: Catfish; Crinotoxins; Defense; Epidermal; Proteins

Using a Novel Absolute Ontogenetic Age Determination Technique to Calculate the Timing of Tooth Eruption in the Saber-Toothed Cat, Smilodon fatalis. - Wysocki, M. A.; R. S. Feranec; Tseng, Z. J.; Bjornsson, C. S. (PLOS ONE, 2015)
Despite the superb fossil record of the saber-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis, ontogenetic age determination for this and other ancient species remains a challenge. The present study utilizes a new technique, a combination of data from stable oxygen isotope analyses and micro-computed tomography, to establish the eruption rate for the permanent upper canines in Smilodon fatalis. The results imply an eruption rate of 6.0 millimeters per month, which is similar to a previously published average enamel growth rate of the S. fatalis upper canines (5.8 millimeters per month). Utilizing the upper canine growth rate, the upper canine eruption rate, and a previously published tooth replacement sequence, this study calculates absolute ontogenetic age ranges of tooth development and eruption in S. fatalis. The timing of tooth eruption is compared between S. fatalis and several extant conical-toothed felids, such as the African lion (Panthera leo). Results suggest that the permanent dentition of S. fatalis, except for the upper canines, was fully erupted by 14 to 22 months, and that the upper canines finished erupting at about 34 to 41 months. Based on these developmental age calculations, S. fatalis individuals less than 4 to 7 months of age were not typically preserved at Rancho La Brea. On the whole, S. fatalis appears to have had delayed dental development compared to dental development in similar-sized extant felids. This technique for absolute ontogenetic age determination can be replicated in other ancient species, including non-saber-toothed taxa, as long as the timing of growth initiation and growth rate can be determined for a specific feature, such as a tooth, and that growth period overlaps with the development of the other features under investigation.

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for the Town of Otsego, Otsego County, New York - L. J. Xinakes (2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for the Town of Otsego, Otsego County, New York - L. J. Xinakes (New York State Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, 2015)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report of PIN 9806.80.101, NYS Route 206 Culvert Replacement C920157, Town of Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York - L. J. Xinakes; N. L. Davis (New York State Museum, 2015)

Trilobite Biostratigraphy of the Stairsian Stage (upper Tremadocian) of the Ibexian Series, Lower Ordovician, Western United States - Adrain, J. M.; Westrop, S. R.; Karin, T. S.; E. Landing (Memoirs of the Associaiton of Australasian Palaeontologists, 2014)
New field collections from sections in western Utah and southeastern Idaho permit the development of a high resolution trilobite biostratigraphy for the northern Laurentian Lower Ordovician (upper Tremadocian) Stairsian Stage similar to that proposed previously for the overlying Tulean and Blackhillsian stages. Four zones recognised previously are replaced with 11 formally proposed zones, most of which are new in concept. The new zonal scheme in ascending order includes the 'Paraplethopeltis genacurva' Zone (replaces 'Paraplethopeltis Zone'/'Zone C'), 'Paraplethopeltis helli' Zone (new), 'Hystricurus zanderi' Zone (new), 'Rossaspis leboni' Zone (new), Unnamed Zone 1 (new), 'Bearriverops loganensis' Zone (new; contains much of the diversity previously assigned to 'Tesselacauda Zone'/'Zone E'), 'Bearriverops deltaensis' Zone (new), 'Bearriverops alsacharovi' Zone (new), 'Pseudoclelandia weymouthae' Zone (new), 'Pseudoclelandia cornupsittaca' Zone (new) and 'Pseudohystricurus obesus' Zone (new). The latter two zones were previously lumped as the 'Rossaspis superciliosa Zone'/'Zone F'. Four of the name bearers of the new zones, 'Paraplethopeltis helli' sp. nov., 'Hystricurus zanderi' sp. nov., 'Rossaspis leboni' sp. nov. and 'Pseudoclelandia weymouthae' sp. nov., are formally described.
Keywords: paleontology; Species diversity; Stratigraphic; Trilobites--Collectors and collecting; Trilobites--Type specimens

The Phylogeny and Revised Classification of Machaerotidae, the Tube-making Spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopoidea) - Bell, A. J.; Svenson, G J.; J. R. Cryan (Systematic Entomology, 2014)
Machaerotidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cercopoidea) is a taxonomically small but morphologically diverse family of spittlebugs with approximately 115 described species in 31 genera and an exclusively Palaeotropical distribution. Results are presented of the first molecular phylogenetic investigation of Machaerotidae, examining relationships among the currently recognized subfamilies and tribes, as well as determining the phylogenetic placement of the genera Enderleinia Schmidt, Neuromachaerota Schmidt, Labramachaerota Bell & Cryan, and Kyphomachaerota Bell & Cryan. DNA nucleotide sequence data from eight loci (12s rDNA, 16s rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, histone 2A, histone 3, wingless and NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 4) were analysed to reconstruct the phylogeny. The evidence generated in this study supports the following systematic conclusions: (i) Machaerotidae is a monophyletic family; (ii) Machaerotini, Hindoloidini (with the new inclusion of Kyphomachaerota), and Enderleiniini (excluding Kyphomachaerota and Apomachaerota Schmidt) are monophyletic tribes; (iii) the genus Apomachaerota was recovered as the most anciently diverged lineage of extant Machaerotidae, and a new subfamily (Apomachaerotinae subfam.n.), is proposed on the basis of its phylogenetic placement as sister lineage to all other extant Machaerotidae.
Keywords: biology

Surficial Geology of the Lyons Quadrangle, Wayne County, New York - B. Bird; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart Series 79, 2014)

Cultural Resources Mapping of Markers along Veterans Memorial Highway, Whiteface Mountain, Essex County, New York - H. Brown (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Report for 8BOW.00.101 (BIN 1-04075-0), U.S. 209 over Rochester Creek, Town of Rochester, Ulster County, New York - J. S. Cardinal (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 2ST0.11, Replacement of Route 22 Culvert, Town of Winfield, Herkimer County, New York - J. S. Cardinal (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

The Cicero Clay Pits, Onondaga County, New York - S. C. Chamberlain; M. V. Lupulescu; M. Hawkins (Rocks & Minerals, 2014)
Keywords: geology

Ultramafic/Mafic Rocks of the Pyrites Complex - J. R. Chiarenzelli; M. V. Lupulescu; Bailey, D. (Geology of the Northwestern Adirondacks and St. Lawrence River Valley, 2014)
Keywords: geology

Cultural Resources Archaeological Monitoring Report for Slope Failure Repair in a portion of the Crown Point Historic Site, Town of Crown Point, Essex County, New York. - B. R. Dale; A. Gore (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report of OGS Project Number 44795, Rehabilitation Main Entrance Gate and Visitor Entrance, Taconic Correctional Facility, Town of Bedford, Westchester County, New York - N. L. Davis (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resoureces Reconnaissance Survey Report for Culvert Replacement, Town of Butternuts, Otsego County, New York - N. L. Davis (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

The Fort Edward Village Site - N. L. Davis (Newsletter of the New York Archaeological Council, 2014)
Keywords: anthropology Cultural Resources

Monoecious Sycidium, and Other Charophytes, from the Middle Devonian of Eastern New York State, USA, with an Update on the Oldest Bisexual Plant - Feist, M.; L. VanAller Hernick (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2014)
The charophyte flora of the Hamilton Group consists of both vegetative and reproductive organs. The external structure of Sycidium is elucidated by the discovery of antheridial shields at the surface of the utricle containing the oospore. The oldest representative of the genus, the Ludlowian (Upper Silurian) Sycidium siluricum (Ishchenko and Ishchenko) which presents the same complex structure, is thus featured as the oldest bisexual plant. Unknown in North America prior to the Lower Carboniferous, the discovery of Sycidium sp. 1 in the Givetian Hamilton Group provides precise evidence of the distribution of Sycidiaceae during the Middle Devonian. Besides Sycidium, the charophyte assemblage includes gyrogonites and oospores, as well as thallus remains; on the whole, the three orders of Charophyta are represented. The fine grey shales of the Plattekill Formation suggest an aquatic, non-detrital habitat, which was certainly suitable to charophyte vegetation. The preservation of delicate structures reflects an absence of transport during fossilization.
Keywords: Bisexuality; Charophytes; Devonian; New York state; Palaeoecology; Preservation

A New Record of Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida) from the Late Pleistocene Champlain Sea and Comments on Its Age and Paleoenvironment - R. S. Feranec; Franzi, D. A.; A. L. Kozlowski (Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 2014)
Keywords: biology geology paleontology

Understanding specifics in generalist diets of carnivorans by analyzing stable carbon isotope values in Pleistocene mammals of Florida - R. S. Feranec; DeSantis, L. R. G. (Paleobiology, 2014)
Within ancient ecosystems, it is generally difficult to determine the specific diets of species from higher trophic levels, which in turn hinders our understanding of trophic relationships and energy flow through these systems. To better understand the ecology of taxa at higher trophic levels, we used analysis of tooth enamel stable carbon isotope values to infer the dietary preferences of Canis edwardii and Smilodon gracilis from the Leisey Shell Pit 1A (LSP 1A) and Inglis 1A, two Pleistocene localities in Florida. The goals of the analyses were to (1) determine whether these carnivorans specialized in particular prey types or maintained a generalist diet; (2) ascertain whether carbon isotope values support what was previously suggested about the ecology of these species; and (3) establish what ecological details of ancient food webs can be discovered by carbon isotope analyses at higher trophic levels. Results show that the sampled carnivoran carbon isotope values are distributed among suspected prey isotope values, suggesting that varied prey were taken at the study localities. Prey compositions were modeled for each carnivoran species by using Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR). The modeled diets indicate that each studied carnivoran had a generalist diet; however, there are differences in how these taxa achieved dietary generalization. At the glacial Inglis 1A locality, sampled individuals of C. edwardii and S. gracilis show similar isotope values and modeled dietary prey proportions, although both carnivorans do show a preference for grazing prey species. The similar isotopic values, and calculated prey proportions, observed between these species may imply greater interspecific competition for food. At the interglacial LSP 1A locality, C. edwardii shows values similar to those observed at Inglis 1A. In contrast, the data for S. gracilis shows a preference for consuming browsing prey species. Further, its restricted range of carbon isotope values suggests that S. gracilis may have concentrated its feeding within a particular habitat. Examination of stable carbon isotope values among species at higher trophic levels reveals that some intricacies of ancient food webs can be discerned.
Keywords: biology paleontology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 1805.81.123 and 1808.68.321, Archaeological Monitoring of Lake Champlain Bridge Construction and Restoration (New York Side), Town of Crown Point, Essex County, New York. - A. Gore (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramics from the Washington Square Mound Site, Nacogdoches County, Texas - J. P. Hart (Stephen F. Austin State University Center for Regional Heritage Research, James E. Corbin Papers in Archaeology, 2014)
This book is the thesis I wrote as part of my master’s degree program in geosciences at Northeast Louisiana University (NLU, now the University of Louisiana at Monroe) from which I graduated in May of 1982. My thesis committee consisted of Drs. Glen S. Greene, James E. Corbin, and Mervin Kontrovitz. By the fall of 1981 I had participated in three Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU) Archaeological Field School seasons directed by Dr. Corbin at the Washington Square Mound Site in Nacogdoches, Texas—in 1979 as an SFASU undergraduate student and in 1980 and 1981 as Corbin’s teaching assistant. In 1979 and 1981 the field school included the excavation of burials, features 32 and 95, located within the Reavely-House Mound. I participated in the excavation of both, assisting with the shallow burial, feature 32 excavations in 1979, and with Corbin, excavated the deep shaft burial, feature 95, in 1981. These excavations took place prior to the enactment of the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and before the growth in appreciation by archaeologists of Native Americans’ sensitivities to disinterment of their ancestors’ remains. Included in the grave furniture of the two burials were 15 and 32 complete pottery vessels, respectively. Among the latter were bottles with engraved snake and sun-like designs that captured my imagination and persist there to this day. The 47 whole vessels from burial contexts, two other vessels, and over 6,000 sherds from non-burial contexts comprised the artifact assemblage I analyzed for my thesis. In the thesis I described three new tentative pottery types based primarily on the vessels recovered from the burials. I also provided summary statistics on the sherd collection and attempted to delineate temporal changes in the pottery at the site and place the Washington Square pottery within broader trends in Caddo pottery decoration. This thesis was the first publication on Washington Square. In 1998 Corbin and I published an article in the Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society that summarized excavations by the SFASU field school from 1979 through 1982 and the Texas Archaeological Annual Field School in 1985. By that time, Corbin had done research that expanded our knowledge about the site and impacts to it during the development of the City of Nacogdoches. In 2009 Perttula published an analysis of artifacts recovered from the site during the 1985 Texas Archaeological Society Field School in the Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society. In 2010, Perttula and colleagues published their documentation of the grave goods from Washington Square done as part of SFASU’s compliance with the NAGPRA. In that volume, published by SFASU Press, Perttula et al. provided detailed descriptions and color photographs of each pottery vessel and other items recovered from the graves including shell beads, shell pendent fragments, and a lithic cache. Selden’s 2010 master’s thesis provided a GIS-based analysis of Washington Square, which was summarized in a 2011 Caddo Archeology Journal article. Also in 2010 Pertulla and I published an article in the Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology that identified a Southeast Ceremonial Complex style zone in Northeast Texas based largely on Washington Square and the pottery vessels from Feature 95. What this thesis represents is a reflection of my training and thinking to that time. Those who know my body of work over the intervening 30-plus years may be surprised that I contextualized the thesis within a standard culture historic framework and that a large part of it is devoted to the formal description of new tentative pottery types. Much of my work over the past two decades has sought to highlight how such constructs are detrimental to explorations of the past. At this early stage of my career, however, I believed that the description of new types was the best way to communicate the uniqueness of the Washington Square pottery. Also at that time I was beginning to explore anthropological and archaeological theory and was quite taken by Marvin Harris’ (1979) book Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture. I attempted to integrate some of Harris’s concepts with those of Krieger (1944) and Rouse (1960) on types and modes, respectively, to which Corbin had introduced me. Whether I succeeded or not is open to debate, but what strikes me is that even at this early stage in my career I was concerned with variation in artifact form and its implications for understanding past human behaviors. What I remember most about the research and writing process is the firm yet gentle guiding hand of Jim Corbin. He was always willing to sit and discuss issues that were puzzling me, and I always walked away from those discussions with a better understanding of the issues at hand. I also remember how gracious Jim was in allowing me to transport from SFASU portions of the pottery collection at any given time to work on at NLU. Jim and I always planned to write a comprehensive publication on the Washington Square pottery, incorporating my work with analyses of collections made during later excavations. Various factors prevented us from doing so, and our plans to collaborate on such a publication ended with Jim’s untimely death in 2004. My own responsibilities at the New York State Museum have prevented me from pursuing our goal alone. What this volume does, then, is make available to a wider audience information on the pottery collection unearthed during the first three field seasons at the site. Washington Square is a critical site within the southwestern distribution of the pre-Contact Caddo sites and their distinctive material culture. Symbols on the fine-ware pottery vessels excavated from the two burials are key to understanding how fourteenth century A.D. Caddo people in Northeast Texas participated in broader Southeastern socio-religious traditions while maintaining their own distinctive identities (Hart and Perttula 2010). This thesis constituted a first step toward that understanding. I am grateful to Dr. Jerry Williams for suggesting and making possible the publication of this volume through SFASU Press. I am also grateful to Dr. Tim Perttula for sparking a renewed interest in me for Washington Square specifically and Caddo archaeology generally. Finally, I am forever in debt to Dr. Jim Corbin, who set me on the path to a lifetime of archaeological research.
Keywords: Caddo Indians; Ceramics; Texas

A Critical Assessment of Current Approaches to Investigations of the Timing, Rate, and Adoption Trajectories of Domesticates in the Midwest and Great Lakes - J. P. Hart (Reassessing the Timing, Rate, and Adoption Trajectories of Domesticate Use in the Midwest and Great Lakes, 2014)
The adoptions of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the American Midwest remain critical lines of inquiry as the articles in this volume of Midwest Archaeologial Conference Inc. Occasional Papers amply demonstrate. Here I provide a critical assessment of current lines of investigation of crop adoptions and agricultural evolution. I argue that three changes are needed in order to build clearer understandings of these important issues: (1) the fuller integration of biological and social theories, (2) the adoption of probabilistic methods, and (3) the use of multiple lines of evidence.
Keywords: common bean; maize; midwestern North America; paleoethnobotany; Phaseolus vulgaris; Zea mays ssp. mays

A Model for Calculating Freshwater Reservoir Offsets on AMS-Dated Charred, Encrusted Cooking Residues Formed from Varying Resources - J. P. Hart (Radiocarbon, 2014)
The freshwater reservoir effect (FRE) hypothesis suggests that ancient carbon from aquatic organisms incorporated into AMS-dated charred, encrusted cooking residues on interior pottery walls produces old apparent radiocarbon ages. This hypothesis has been used primarily in northern European final Mesolithic contexts to explain 14C ages on cooking residues that are thought to be too old relative to 14C ages obtained on terrestrial samples, resulting in so-called freshwater reservoir offsets (FROs). More recently, the hypothesis has been cited in interpretations of 14C ages from residues in the North American Plains and elsewhere. This article presents a model using an Excel spreadsheet that allows calculation of FROs with varying inputs of dead carbon and aquatic and terrestrial resources.
Keywords: AMS dating; encrusted cooking residues; Freshwater Reservoir Effect; radiocarbon modeling

A Re-Evaluation of the Reliability of AMS Dates on Pottery Food Residues from the Late Prehistoric Central Plains of North America: Comment on Roper (2013) - J. P. Hart; Lovis, W. A. (Radiocarbon, 2014)
Ancient carbon reservoirs in freshwater bodies have the potential to introduce ancient carbon into charred cooking residues adhering to pottery wall interiors when aquatic organisms are parts of cooked resource mixes. This ancient carbon results in old apparent ages when these cooking residues are subjected to accelerator mass spectrometry dating, the so-called freshwater reservoir effect (FRE). Roper’s (2013) assessment of the FRE on 14C ages from cooking residue in the Central Plains is only the second such peer-reviewed regional assessment in eastern North America. Roper suggests that 13 of 23 14C ages on residue are too old as a result of ancient carbon from fish or leached from shell temper or old carbon introduced via maize nixtamalization. Herein, we re-assess Roper’s data set of 14C ages on cooking residues and annual plants and argue that she is mistaken in her assessment of the accuracies of 14C ages from residues. This outcome is placed in the context of the larger FRE literature.
Keywords: ancient carbon; cooking residue analysis; Fresh water reservoir effect; radiocarbon dating

Review of Maize: Origin, Domestication, and Its Role in the Development of Culture by Duccio Bonavia - J. P. Hart (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Keywords: ancient maize; crop history; maize; maize evolution; Zea mays ssp. mays

Cultural Resources Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 2016.77.101, Route 12 Improvements, Town of Trenton, Oneida County, New York - S. Higgins; J. Ross (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 2016.77.101, Route 12 Improvements, Town of Trenton, Oneida County, New York - S. Higgins; J. Ross (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Range Expansion and the Breakdown of Bergmann's Rule in Red-Bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) - J. J. Kirchman; Schneider, K. J. (The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, 2014)
Previous studies of northward expansion of breeding ranges of North American bird species have focused on correlated changes in climate and land-use, but very few studies have examined patterns of morphological change within the context of range expansion. We used data from museum specimens to examine geographic and temporal variation in body size of the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), a species undergoing dramatic range expansion. We plotted georeferenced occurrence data from Christmas Bird Counts (winter distributions going back to the year 1900), USGS Breeding Bird Surveys (summer distributions since 1966), and the holdings of twenty-six natural history museums (year-round distributions since 1867) to document the historic range of M. carolinus in decade increments. Christmas Bird Counts, but not museum specimens, indicate a trend of slow northward expansion beginning as early as the 1910s, and all data sets show rapid expansion to the north and west since the 1950s (average of 0.85° N latitude per decade and 1.06° W longitude per decade). Geographic variation in body size of specimens collected prior to the period of rapid expansion follows Bergmann's rule, with larger birds occurring in northern latitudes. This pattern breaks down in the sample of birds collected after the onset of rapid expansion, suggesting that warming temperatures since the 1950s have enabled northward range expansion in a species previously limited by cold. Birds collected at the northern boundary of their range before 1940 were larger than birds collected in recent decades from the same latitudes, further supporting the hypothesis that Red-bellied Woodpeckers have been released from a former ecological or physiological constraint in the face of climate warming.
Keywords: Bergmann's rule; Breeding Bird Survey; Christmas Bird Count; climate change; geographic variation; range expansion; Red-bellied Woodpecker

Middle Devonian Liverwort Herbivory and Antiherbivore Defence - Labandeira, C. C.; Trembly, S. L.; Bartowski, K. E.; L. VanAller Hernick (New Phytologist, 2014)
To test the extent of herbivory in early terrestrial ecosystems, we examined compression–impression specimens of the late Middle Devonian liverwort Metzgeriothallus sharonae, from the Catskill Delta deposit of eastern New York state. Shale fragments of field-collected specimens were processed by applying liquid nitrocellulose on exposed surfaces. After drying, the film coatings were lifted off and mounted on microscope slides for photography. Unprocessed fragments were photographed under cedarwood oil for enhanced contrast. An extensive repertoire of arthropodan-mediated herbivory was documented, representing three functional feeding groups and nine subordinate plant–arthropod damage types (DTs). The herbivory is the earliest occurrence of external foliage-feeding and galling in the terrestrial fossil record. Our evidence indicates that thallus oil body cells, similar to the terpenoid-containing oil bodies of modern liverworts, were probably involved in the chemical defence of M. sharonae against arthropod herbivores. Based on damage patterns of terrestrial plants and an accompanying but sparse body-fossil record, Devonian arthropodan herbivores were significantly smaller compared to those of the later Palaeozoic. These data collectively suggest that a broad spectrum herbivory may have had a more important role in early terrestrial ecosystems than previously thought.
Keywords: arthropod; external foliage feeding; galling; herbivore; Metzgeriothallus; New York state; oil body cells; piercing-and-sucking

Vanguard of a Revolution - Lander, D. R. (New York Archives Magazine, 2014)

Cultural Resources Architectural Report for PIN 1BOW.00.101, Replacement of NY 23 over Schoharie Creek, Village of Prattsville, Greene County, New York. - M.S. LoRusso (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources HABS/HAER Report of Route 86 Bridge Spanning West Branch of the Ausable River, NYSDOT PIN 1161.19.101, Route 86/West Branch of the Ausable River, Town of Wilmington, Essex County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources HABS/HAER report of the Earle and Vaughn Store 69 George Street, US 4/NY 149 Intersection Improvement, Village of Fort Ann, Washington County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

A Cultural Resources Survey Report for An Architectural Survey of PIN 3806.81.101, NY 5 and US 20 Culvert over unnamed Creek, Town of Aurelius, Cayuga County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Survey Report of OGS Project # 44795, Architectural Survey of Main Entrance Gate and Visitor Gate, Taconic Correctional Facility, Town of Bedford, Westchester County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Paleoindian Occupations in Central New York - J. C. Lothrop; Bradley, J.W.; S. Winchell-Sweeney; M.H. Younge (Glacial Geology of Cayuga County of the Eastern Finger Lakes: Lakes, Lore and Landforms. Guidebook for 77th Annual Reunion of the Northeastern Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference, June 7-8, 2014, Auburn, New York, 2014)

Review of In the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition edited by Joseph A. M. Gingerich - J. C. Lothrop (Canadian Journal of Archaeology, 2014)
Keywords: anthropology

The Benson Mines, St. Lawrence County, New York: History of the Discovery, Mining, and Mineralogy of the Deposit - M. V. Lupulescu; Bailey, D. G.; M. Hawkins; Carl, J. D.; J. R. Chiarenzelli (Rocks & Minerals, 2014)
Keywords: geology

Geochemistry of Tourmaline from Some Adirondacks Locations: Indicator of the Host Environmen - M. V. Lupulescu; J. R. Chiarenzelli (Geology of the Northwestern Adirondacks and St. Lawrence River Valley, 2014)
Keywords: geology

Nasonia vitripennis Venom Causes Targeted Gene Expression Changes in Its Fly Host - Martinson, E. O.; Wheeler, D.; J. J Wright; Mrinalini; Siebert, A. L.; Werren, J. H. (Molecular Ecology, 2014)
Parasitoid wasps are diverse and ecologically important insects that use venom to modify their host's metabolism for the benefit of the parasitoid's offspring. Thus, the effects of venom can be considered an ‘extended phenotype’ of the wasp. The model parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis has approximately 100 venom proteins, 23 of which do not have sequence similarity to known proteins. Envenomation by N. vitripennis has previously been shown to induce developmental arrest, selective apoptosis and alterations in lipid metabolism in flesh fly hosts. However, the full effects of Nasonia venom are still largely unknown. In this study, we used high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to characterize global changes in Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera) gene expression in response to envenomation by N. vitripennis. Surprisingly, we show that Nasonia venom targets a small subset of S. bullata loci, with ~2% genes being differentially expressed in response to envenomation. Strong upregulation of enhancer of split complex genes provides a potential molecular mechanism that could explain the observed neural cell death and developmental arrest in envenomated hosts. Significant increases in antimicrobial peptides and their corresponding regulatory genes provide evidence that venom could be selectively activating certain immune responses of the hosts. Further, we found differential expression of genes in several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that may be responsible for the decrease in pyruvate levels found in envenomated hosts. The targeting of Nasonia venom effects to a specific and limited set of genes provides insight into the interaction between the ectoparasitoid wasp and its host.
Keywords: enhancer of split; extended phenotype; parasitoid wasps; venom

Cultural Resources Pre-Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 0339.09, Pre-Reconnaissance Survey of Sagtikos/Sunken Meadow State Parkway, Town of Islip and Smithtown, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau; M.S. LoRusso (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 8812.14.101, Replacement of CIN 820027, Route 199 at Wilbur Pond Outlet, Town of Milan, Dutchess County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Site Examination Report for the Town of Milan, Dutchess County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

New York State Wildlife Grant T 17: Baseline Survey of Lepidoptera Species of Greatest Conservation Need. 2014 Quarterly Report (2nd Quarter) - T. L. McCabe (2014)
Keywords: biology

New York State Wildlife Grant T 17: Baseline Survey of Lepidoptera Species of Greatest Conservation Need. 2014 Final Report - T. L. McCabe (2014)
Keywords: biology

New York State Wildlife Grant T 17: Baseline Survey of Lepidoptera Species of Greatest Conservation Need. 2014 Quarterly Report (1st Quarter) - T. L. McCabe (2014)
Keywords: biology

Aquastella gen. nov.: a New Genus of Saprolegniaceous Oomycete Rotifer Parasites Related to Aphanomyces, With Unique Sporangial Outgrowths - D. P. Molloy; Glockling, S. L.; C. A. Siegfried; Beakes, G. W.; James , T. Y.; Matitsky, S. E.; Wurdak, E.; L. Giamberini; Gaylo, M. J.; Nemeth, M. J. (Fungal Biology, 2014)
The oomycete genus Aquastella is described to accommodate two new species of parasites of rotifers observed in Brooktrout Lake, New York State, USA. Three rotifer species – Keratella taurocephala, Polyarthra vulgaris, and Ploesoma truncatum – were infected, and this is the first report of oomycete infection in these species. Aquastella attenuata was specific to K. taurocephala and Aquastella acicularis was specific to P. vulgaris and P. truncatum. The occurrence of infections correlated with peak host population densities and rotifers were infected in the upper layers of the water column. Sequencing of 18S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis of both species placed them within the order Saprolegniales, in a clade closely related to Aphanomyces. The Aquastella species were morphologically distinct from other rotifer parasites as the developing sporangia penetrated out through the host body following its death to produce unique tapered outgrowths. Aquastella attenuata produced long, narrow, tapering, finger-like outgrowths, whilst A. acicularis produced shorter, spike-like outgrowths. We hypothesize that the outgrowths serve to deter predation and slow descent in the water column. Spore cleavage was intrasporangial with spore release through exit tubes. Aquastella attenuata produced primary zoospores, whereas A. acicularis released spherical primary aplanospores, more typical of other genera in the Aphanomyces clade.
Keywords: Aquastella acicularis; Aquastella attenuata; Convergent evolution; Phylogenetic analysis; Saprolegniales

Cultural Resources Reconnaissnace Survey for PIN 1306.79.101, Route 7 over Sunkissanissa Creek, Town of Pittstown, Rensselaer County, New York. - Pellerin, J. (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for Multi-Bridge Replacement over the Schoharie Creek, Town of Prattsville, Greene County, New York. - M. Pickands; J. S. Cardinal; T. Thomas; H. Brown (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 1BOW.00.101, Route 23 Crossing over the Schoharie Creek, Prattsville, Greene County, New York. - M. Pickands; M.S. LoRusso; T. Thomas; VanNest, J. (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Documentation of Historic Signage along Veterans Memorial Highway, Whiteface Mountain, Town of Wilmington, Essex County, New York - M. Pickands; T. Thomas; C. B. Rieth; V. A. Schmitt (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Prehistoric Occupations at the Pethick Site, Schoharie County, New York - Rafferty, S.; C. B. Rieth; Moragne, S. (Archaeology of Eastern North America, 2014)
The results of the first seven of 10 seasons of excavation at the Pethick site, Schoharie County, New York, are summarized in this report. Substantial Late Woodland (twelfth to fifteenth century A.D.), Early Woodland, and Transitional components have been excavated. During the Late Woodland the site was a horticultural hamlet. Two structures have been identified, but no palisade has been located. Ceramic vessel, floral and faunal analyses are summarized. Small amounts of maize and the nuts of various species are present in the charred floral remains. The Pethick project has been above all else an educational project. Over 100 field school students have been trained at the site, many of whom have gone on to careers in archaeology.
Keywords: anthropology

Affinities and architecture of Devonian trunks of Prototaxites loganii - Retallack, G.J.; E. Landing (Mycologia, 2014)

Affinities and Architecture of Devonian Trunks of Prototaxites loganii - Retallack, G. J; E. Landing (Mycologia, 2014)
Devonian fossil logs of Prototaxites loganii have been considered kelp-like aquatic algae, rolled up carpets of liverworts, enormous saprophytic fungal fruiting bodies or giant lichens. Algae and rolled liverwort models cannot explain the proportions and branching described here of a complete fossil of Prototaxites loganii from the Middle Devonian (386 Ma) Bellvale Sandstone on Schunnemunk Mountain, eastern New York. The “Schunnemunk tree” was 8.83 m long and had six branches, each about 1 m long and 9 cm diam, on the upper 1.2 m of the main axis. The coalified outermost layer of the Schunnemunk trunk and branches have isotopic compositions (δ13CPDB) of −25.03 ± 0.13‰ and −26.17 ± 0.69‰, respectively. The outermost part of the trunk has poorly preserved invaginations above cortical nests of coccoid cells embraced by much-branched tubular cells. This histology is unlike algae, liverworts or vascular plants and most like lichen with coccoid chlorophyte phycobionts. Prototaxites has been placed within Basidiomycota but lacks clear dikaryan features. Prototaxites and its extinct order Nematophytales may belong within Mucoromycotina or Glomeromycota.
Keywords: Chlorophyta; Devonian; Glomeromycota; lichen; New York; Prototaxites

Affinities and architecture of Devonian trunks Prototaxites loganii. Supplement. - Retallack, G.J.; E. Landing (Mycology, 2014)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for PIN 1013.11, Town of Lexington, Schoharie County, New York - C. B. Rieth (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources End of Field Report for the Auburn-Cato Plank Road, Oswego County, New York - J. Ross (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

From Evidence to Relic to Artefact - Schaming, M. A. (Death Tourism: Disaster Sites as Recreational Landscape, 2014)
Keywords: history

Cultural Resource Architectural Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 8812.14.101, Replacement of CIN # 820027, Town of Milan, Dutchess County, New York - V. A. Schmitt; D. E. Mazeau (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Architectural Report of PIN 8BOW.00.101, Route 209 over Rochester Creek, Town of Rochester, Ulster County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 2016.77.101, Rout 12 Improvements, Town of Trenton, Oneida County, New York - V. A. Schmitt; J. Ross; S. Higgins (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Geophysical Characterization of the Keene Valley Landslide in New York State - Sherrod, L.; Schlosser, K.; A. L. Kozlowski; B. Bird; Wekima, D. D.; Swiontek, J. (Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 2014)
The largest naturally occurring landslide in New York State history began in early May 2011. Melting of winter snowpack followed by abnormally high volumes of April rain saturated the underlying glacial stratigraphy and initiated the 0.33 km2 (82 acre) landslide on Little Porter Mountain in the High-Peaks region of the Adirondack Mountains. Downslope soil movement rates between 15 and 60 cm per day demonstrated their destructive capacity as the shifting soils caused one house to be condemned because of the unstable ground and foundation while simultaneously rendering three other houses into immediate danger. The mechanisms controlling this landslide were investigated using geophysical methods, displacement measurements, and borehole logs. Nineteen electrical resistivity imaging surveys were implemented to map the subsurface glacial features. Ground penetration radar (GPR) profiles were collected along many of the resistivity lines and additional reconnaissance lines in several other locations. These surveys identified subsurface features such as the buried bedrock surface, thick sequences of loose zones of saturated sediments and clays within the glacial till, and boulder zones. The geophysical data were compared with displacement station measurements and precipitation records, which led to the interpretation that the landslide was triggered by large infiltration and the failure surface was along a clay-sand interface. The nature of the slide is revealed as a deep-seated rotational surface within the glacial deposits instead of the bedrock debris avalanche failures that are considered typical of the Adirondack region. The results of this study assist in the Little Porter Mountain landslide characterization and hazard potential classification of similar glacial deposits on slopes in the Adirondacks region.
Keywords: geology

Monophyly and Phylogeny of Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella (Cyperaceae): Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences - Shiels, D. R.; Hurlbut, D. L.; Lichtenwald, S. K.; Monfil, A. K. (Systematic Botany, 2014)
Relationships within Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella are largely unknown and the phylogenetic positions of these genera relative to the other four genera in Fuireneae and clade of Cypereae are unclear. A few studies with sparse or localized sampling have added valuable insights, but a North American sampling and a broad global perspective are needed. To generate a more robust phylogenetic hypothesis, we increased the number and breadth of taxon sampling in Schoenoplectus and Schoenoplectiella, including all constituent species in North America, all genera in Fuireneae, and strategically sampled genera in Cypereae. Phylogenetic relationships were estimated using DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal ITS region, chloroplast DNA trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer region, and partial chloroplast DNA ndhF coding region and parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian analyses. The proposed phylogeny reveals Pseudoschoenus, Schoenoplectiella, and Cypereae are supported as a clade, and Schoenoplectiella is paraphyletic and sister to Pseudoschoenus. Schoenoplectus is monophyletic, sister to Actinoscirpus. Schoenoplectus sections Schoenoplectus and Malacogeton were resolved; comprehensive sampling in Schoenoplectus section Schoenoplectus and unclear placement of S. californicus suggests the need to examine formerly recognized section Pterolepis. The proposed phylogeny supports the erection of sections in Schoenoplectiella, but indicates further morphological and molecular data is needed for section diagnoses. Two Cypereae taxa previously resolved in a Schoenoplectiella clade were included in this analysis: Scirpoides varia resolved in a clade with Cypereae taxa, and Isolepis humillima resolved within Schoenoplectiella. Results from the phylogenetic hypotheses support a need to revisit the generic placement of Isolepis humillima and revise Fuireneae to resolve tribal paraphyly.
Keywords: biology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 9806.81.101/C950098, Culvert Replacement, Town of Edmeston, Otsego County, New York - Sobik, C. (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Historic Content for Interpretive Sign, Town of Wilmington, Essex County, New York - Sobik, C. (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

'I trust there will be no failure...': The Importance of Bricks and Brickmaking at the Adirondack Iron and Steel Company's Upper Works - D. Staley; Mills, P. R.; Lundblad, S. P. (IA: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archaeology, 2014)
Keywords: anthropology

Bedrock Geology of the Gallupville Quadrangle, Albany, Schoharie and Schenectady Counties, New York - Stander, E. J.; C. A. Ver Straeten; Engel, T.; Stander, J. (Map & Chart Series 81, 2014)

Cultural Resources Architectural Report for PIN 9806.80.101, Culvert in the Town of Butternuts, Otsego County, New York. - T. Thomas (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Screening Survey for PIN 3501.56.121 Little York Creek, Cayuga County, New York - T. Thomas (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Geoarchaeological Reconnaissance of a Proposed Pavilion and other Improvements at the Nutten Hook Preserve, Town of Stuyvesant, Columbia County, New York. - Van Nest, J. (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Holocene Mississippi River Floods and Geoarchaeological Site Formation Processes in the Sny Bottom, Western Illinois, USA - Van Nest, J. (Quaternary International, 2014)
Holocene alluvial deposits are well represented in the Sny Bottom, a reach of the Mississippi River in western Illinois characterized by the presence of a long anabranch channel (the Sny). Prior to its engineered confinement, the flood-stage Mississippi functioned as an anastomosed system comprised of many secondary landscape elements hierarchically arranged to distribute water out across a broad floodplain. Radiocarbon-dated stratigraphic sequences are used to reconstruct the geological history of this river reach as it metamorphosed from a sandy Late Pleistocene braided floodplain into a system dominated by mud. By 7400 cal BP, the Mississippi migrated to its present position and began to build the natural levee it would use for the remainder of the Holocene. Major subsequent geomorphological adjustments to the system resulted from large floods at ca. 6900, 4900, 3300 and 2000 cal BP. Valley fill is a complex arrangement of individual sedimentary bodies that accumulated at highly variable rates. Vertical accretion by sedimentation and soil upbuilding acted together to preserve numerous buried archaeological sites of all ages.
Keywords: alluvial stratigraphy; Anastomosed rivers; Crevasse splays; Geoarchaeology; Soil upbuilding; Terrace veneers

An Irrepressible Conflict: The Empire State in the Civil War - Weible, R.; J. A. Lemak; Noble, A. (Excelsior Editions, 2014)
Keywords: Civil War; exhibition; New York

Is the Fossil Record of Complex Animal Behaviour a Stratigraphical Analogue for the Anthropocene? - Williams, M.; Zalasiewicz, J. A.; Waters, C. N.; E. Landing (A Stratigraphical Basis for the Anthropocene, 2014)
The base of the Cambrian System is recognized by a characteristic (marine) trace fossil suite assigned to the Treptichnus pedum Biozone, which signals increasing complexity of animal behaviour and demarcates the Cambrian from the (older) Ediacaran System (Proterozoic Eonathem). Ichnotaxa of the T. pedum Biozone are not the earliest trace fossils, and are preceded in the latest Proterozoic by a progressive increase in the diversity of trace-producing organisms and the communities they comprised, the structural and behavioural complexity of the trace fossils, and even the depth of burrowing in sediments. Parallels can be drawn with the increasing complexity of subsurface structures associated with human cities, which also reflect evolution of an increasingly complex community. Before the nineteenth century, these structures were limited and simple, but beginning with the development of London in the mid-nineteenth century as the world's first megacity, subsurface structures have become increasingly complex, reflecting the technology-driven behaviour of twentieth- and twenty-first-century humans.
Keywords: geology; paleontology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 5811.50.101, NY Route 98, Town of Great Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York. - L. J. Xinakes (2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 5811.50.101, NY Route 98, Town of Great Valley, Cattaraugus County, New York. - L. J. Xinakes (New York State Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration, 2014)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

The Case of the Coeymans Lady - L. M. Anderson; Dale, V. (New York Archives Magazine, 2013)
Keywords: bioarchaeology; skeletal analysis

Addendum Cultural Resources Report for Keene Slope Failure, Town of Keene, New York - H. Brown (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconaissance Survey for Route 443 over the Fox Creek, Town of Berne, Albany County, New York - H. Brown (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

DEC Second Pond Fishing Access Parking Reconstruction, Town of Harrietstown, Franklin County, New York - H. Brown (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Minerals of the Scott Farm Pegmatite Near Fine St. Lawrence County, New York - S. C. Chamberlain; M. V. Lupulescu; Bailey, D. G. (Rocks & Minerals, 2013)
Keywords: geology

Surficial Geology of the Keene Valley Quadrangle, Essex County, New York - Clift, A.; Graham, B. (New York State Museum Map & Chart, 2013)
Keywords: geology

Cultural Resources Site Examination Report of the Million Dollar Beach Site, Town of Lake George, Essex County, New York - B. R. Dale; A. Gore; Moragne, S. (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Lewis Henry Morgan and the Iroquois - Duggan, B. J. (On the Trails of the Iroquois, 2013)
Keywords: anthropology

Occlusal Enamel Complexity and Its Implications for Lophodonty, Hypsodony, Body Mass, and Diet in Extinct and Extant Ungulates - Famoso, N. A.; R. S. Feranec; Davis, E. B. (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2013)
Tooth morphology and rates of wear have strong controls on how well mammals survive in their habitats. Herbivorous mammals, specifically ungulates, combat the effects of wear through a combination of changing the occlusal (chewing surface) enamel length, and changing hypsodonty (relative height of tooth). Changes in these two attributes are most notably seen in the fossil record of ungulates as they adapted to living in cooler, drier, and more open habitats. We expect enamel length and hypsodonty to be greater in ungulate taxa that feed on grasses than in non-grass feeders. We tested this hypothesis by digitally photographing 213 maxillary tooth rows from 84 species of extinct and extant ungulates (n = 1083 teeth) and measuring their occlusal enamel length and true occlusal area. We then statistically compared the influences of taxonomy, feeding strategy, tooth position, and tooth area on both hypsodonty and occlusal enamel length using principal components analysis (PCA) and a nested multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). The results of our PCA indicated a strong correlation between enamel length and tooth area, but little correlation of either with hypsodonty. Our nested MANOVA showed that tooth position had no significant relationship with hypsodonty (p = 0.1539), while all other factors were significant for both hypsodonty and occlusal enamel length. Our results suggest that the occlusal enamel length in ungulate teeth is constrained by both the size of the tooth (and, by proxy, the mass of the individual) and diet. Absolute tooth crown height is similarly affected by a combination of body size and diet, leading to the use of a ratio, hypsodonty index, to characterize the diet component. We propose a similar ratio, the occlusal enamel index (OEI) which reduces the effect of body mass to clearly indicate the component of enamel length determined by abrasiveness of ingested material.
Keywords: Artiodactyla; Enamel complexity; Equidae; Isometry; Mammal; Teeth

Stable Carbon Isotope Evidence for the Abundance of C4 Plants in the Middle Miocene of Southern California - R. S. Feranec; Pagnac, D. (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2013)
The abrupt spread of grasslands using C4 photosynthesis, sometimes referred to as the rapid increase in C4 ecosystems (RICE), occurred in the late Miocene in North America. While fossil plant specimens from the Miocene Dove Spring Formation of California as well as data from phylogenetic studies and molecular clocks show that C4 grasses evolved prior to the RICE, most isotopic data from paleosols and mammal tooth enamel suggest that its abundance on the landscape was minimal. However, a few recent studies from the Great Plains suggest that C4 grasslands may have been more prominent prior to the RICE event. Here we examine stable carbon isotope values from ungulate tooth enamel from the Barstow Formation of southern California, which is geographically and temporally close to the Dove Spring Formation, and records a diverse and abundant paleofauna of medial Miocene age. Tooth enamel δ13C values were examined in seven ungulate genera including the hypsodont equids; Acritohippus sp. and Scaphohippus sp.; the camelids, Aepycamelus sp., Hesperocamelus sp., and Procamelus sp.; the antilocaprid, Merycodus sp.; and the proboscidean, Gomphotherium sp. More positive δ13C values observed within the equids, camelids, and antilocaprids are suggestive of C4 grasses being included in the diets of these taxa. The equids exhibited the most positive mean δ13C values, which indicate a higher component of dietary C4 grasses (up to 18%) when compared to the other sampled ungulate taxa. The tooth enamel isotope values presented in this study show the presence of C4 grasses as a significant component of ungulate diets millions of years before the RICE. The abundance of C4 plants earlier in the Miocene may imply a more significant role in the major ungulate diversification events than previously suspected. The few pre-RICE localities showing evidence of C4 abundance suggests that these grasslands were geographically restricted which limits, but may not exclude, the possibility that a world-wide mechanism controlled its spread.
Keywords: Barstow Formation; C4 grasses; Carbon isotopes; Equidae; Miocene; Ungulates

Style Wars in the Wilderness: The Colonial Forts at Crown Point - C. L. Fisher; P. R. Huey (The Archaeology of French and Indian War Forts, 2013)
There were two sequential posts erected at Lake Champlain’s narrows, a choke point that allowed control of the lake. British Crown Point was erected adjacent to the earlier French fort St. Frédéric. The location was an ideal point to project imperial power, attract allies, and hold the Lake Champlain Narrows. The 1979 excavations uncovered remains of the trench built in 1755 off the southwest corner of the Fort St. Frédéric. The French fort was built in 1734 as a material symbol of French presence and served to attract Indian allies. When the French evacuated the position, the British immediately built their own stone-bastioned fort on the site. Now in ruins, Crown Point was the advanced British post on Lake Champlain and the staging point for further advances into French controlled Canada.
Keywords: Archaeology; Crown Point; Fort St. Frederic; French and Indian War; frontier fortifications; Lake Champlain; New York

Modeling Freshwater Reservoir Offsets on Radiocarbon-Dated Charred Cooking Residues - J. P. Hart; Lovis, W. A.; Urquhart, G. R.; Reber, E. A. (American Antiquity, 2013)
Obtaining radiocarbon assays on objects of chronological interest is always preferable to obtaining assays on spatially associated charcoal. The development of Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) dating has expanded the number of objects that can be directly assayed because it requires only a few milligrams of material. Pottery can be directly assayed when charred cooking residues adhering to the interior walls are present. The accuracy of AMS ages derived from residues has been questioned in cases where cooking freshwater aquatic organisms may have introduced carbon from ancient carbon reservoirs into residues. Here we provide analytic protocols for examination of this phenomenon and the results of systematic modeling of age estimates on residues formed from fish and maize with varying percentages of dead carbon. We present a regional case study using a large series of AMS age estimates on residues from the Finger Lakes region of northeastern United States to demonstrate how the paleolimnological record and lipid analysis of residues can help to determine if dates on residues from a given region are likely to have been affected by the presence of ancient carbon. In the case of the Finger Lakes, there is no evidence that ancient carbon affected the age estimates.
Keywords: cooking residues; Freshwater Reservoir Effect; northeastern North America; radiocarbon dating

A New History of Maize-Bean-Squash Agriculture in the Northeast - J. P. Hart (Seeking Our Past: An Introduction to North American Archaeology second edition, 2013)
Keywords: common bean; cucurbit; Cucurbita pepo; maize; northeastern North America; Phaseolus vulgaris; Zea mays ssp. mays

Reevaluating What We Know About the Histories of Maize in Northeastern North America: A Review of Current Evidence - J. P. Hart; Lovis, W. A. (Journal of Archaeological Research, 2013)
The adoption of maize in northeastern North America is often seen as a catalyst for the development of settled village life. In this review we develop a theoretical framework centered on shifting-balance theory (SBT) and domesticated landscapes through which to understand the context for the adoption of maize agriculture in the Northeast. We review micro- and macrobotanical evidence and stable carbon isotope data from various sources to reevaluate maize histories and adoption trajectories. These data are coupled with contributions of subregionally significant predecessor plants, such as those constituting the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and wild rice. We find no evidence for rapid transitions to settled village life as a result of maize adoption. Maize was grown for centuries before settled village agricultural systems evolved. It was grown for a sufficiently long time that the potential for local selection leading to Northern Flint is a viable working hypothesis. We call for a refocusing of research questions and a systematic application of contemporary techniques as a means by which to strengthen future inferences based on comparative information sets.
Keywords: Agricultural evolution; Domesticated landscapes; paleoethnobotany; Shifting-balance theory; Zea mays ssp. mays

Middle Wisconsin glacial advance into the Appalachian Plateau, Sixmile Creek, Tompkins Co., NY - Karig, D. E.; Miller, N. G. (Quaternary Research, 2013)
Areal mapping of the middle Wisconsin varved clay site along Sixmile Creek near Ithaca, New York, has revealed a much more widespread and varied array of sediments than previously thought. Lacustrine clays, some varved, are interbedded with sands and gravels interpreted as sub-aqueous fan deposits, and both are overlain by a deformation till. Nine radiocarbon dates indicate a 34–37 14C ka BP age for the lacustrine sediment, with the deformation till less than a few thousand years younger. Beneath this sequence is a deposit dated at ± 42 14C ka BP. Both strata represent a tundra climate with a mean July temperature of about 10°C. The Sixmile Creek deformation till must correlate with the 35 14C ka BP till along the Genesee River, 125 km to the NW, and defines a Cherrytree stade glacial advance into the Appalachian Plateau, much further south than what has generally been accepted. Such an advance would require drainage from a proglacial lake in the western Ontario basin to flow westward instead of northeastward. The Sixmile strata suggest a colder than accepted middle Wisconsin stage. Recent data indicate that this stage is one of progressive cooling, with large climatic fluctuations.
Keywords: Deformation till; Middle Wisconsin; New York; Radiocarbon ages; Sub-aqueous fan; Varves

Contrasting Terrains of the Lake Michigan and Saginaw Lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in Southern Michigan; - A. E. Kehew; A. L. Kozlowski; B. Bird; Esch, J. M. (Insights into the Michigan Basin Salt Deposits, Impact Structure, Youngest Basin Bedrock, Glacial Geomorphology, Dune Complexes and Coastal Bluff Stability, 2013)
Keywords: geology

On the Origin of Tunnel Valleys of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet; Michigan, USA - A. E. Kehew; Ewald, S. K.; Esch, J. M.; A. L. Kozlowski (Boreas, 2013)
Tunnel valleys are common throughout the terrain of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in southern Michigan. The set of valleys described in this paper is regularly spaced in a radial pattern behind the Kalamazoo Moraine, an ice-marginal position formed during retreat from the Last Glacial Maximum. These valleys are divided into proximal and distal groups lying north and south, respectively, of a major river valley that cross-cuts the tunnel valleys at right angles. Based on a series of rotasonic borings and core analysis, the proximal valleys are shallow, contain minimal sediment fill, and overlie fine-grained diamicton and glaciolacustrine sediment, whereas the distal valleys are deeply incised into the substrate and are partially filled with coarse sediment. The distal valleys terminate within a broad zone of high-relief, hummocky topography representing stagnation and collapse behind the Kalamazoo ice margin. The proximal valleys occur within a more subdued landscape located farther from the ice margin. Although some elements of existing genetic models are consistent with these valleys, none appears to be completely compatible with their stratigraphy and morphology. Initial incision of the valleys could have involved short-lived moderate- to high-discharge flows, followed by deposition during or after the events. The deep incision and thick, coarse sediment in distal valleys in the stagnant marginal zone probably involved supraglacial meltwater draining to the bed as the margin downwasted. Fining-upward eskers inset into the valleys were formed by flows of declining energy in small late-stage conduits.
Keywords: geology

Prohibition, Religious Freedom, and Human Rights: Regulating Traditional Drug Use“Legalize Spiritual Discovery”: The Trials of Dr. Timothy Leary - Lander, Devin R. (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013)

Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation: Context, Correlation, and Chronostratigraphy--Overcoming Deficiencies of the First Appearance Datum (FAD) Concept - E. Landing; G. Geyer; Brasier, M. D.; Bowring, S. A. (Earth-Science Reviews, 2013)
Use of the first appearance datum (FAD) of a fossil to define a global chronostratigraphic unit's base can lead to intractable correlation and stability problems. FADs are diachronous—they reflect species' evolutionary history, dispersal, biofacies, preservation, collection, and taxonomy. The Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation is characterised by diachronous FADs, biofacies controls, and provincialism of taxa and ecological communities that confound a stable Lower Cambrian chronostratigraphy. Cambrian series and stage definitions require greater attention to assemblage zone successions and non-biostratigraphic, particularly carbon isotope, correlation techniques such as those that define the Ediacaran System base. A redefined, basal Cambrian Trichophycus pedum Assemblage Zone lies above the highest Ediacaran-type biotas (vendobionts, putative metazoans, and calcareous problematica such as Cloudina) and the basal Asteridium tornatum–Comasphaeridium velvetum Zone (acritarchs). This definition and the likely close correspondence of evolutionary origin and local FAD of T. pedum preserves the Fortune Head, Newfoundland, GSSP of the Cambrian base and allows the presence of sub-Cambrian, branched ichnofossils. The sub-Tommotian-equivalent base of Stage 2 (a suggested “Laolinian Stage”) should be defined by the I′/L4/ZHUCE δ13C positive peak, bracketed by the lower ranges of Watsonella crosbyi and Aldanella attleborensis (molluscs) and the Skiagia ornata–Fimbrioglomerella membranacea Zone (acritarchs). The W. crosbyi and A. attleborensis FADs cannot define a Stage 2 base as they are diachronous even in the Newfoundland “type” W. crosbyi Zone. The Series 2 base cannot be based on a species' FAD owing to the provincialism of skeletalised metazoans in the Terreneuvian–Series 2 boundary interval and global heterochrony of the oldest trilobites. A Series 2 and Stage 3 (a suggested “Lenaldanian Series” and “Zhurinskyan Stage,” new) GSSP base is proposed at the Siberian lower Atdabanian δ13C IV peak—which correlates into South China, Avalonia, and Morocco and assigns the oldest trilobites to the terminal Terreneuvian Series.
Keywords: FAD concept; Global correlation; Laolinian Stage; Lenaldanian Series; Lower Cambrian; Zhurinskyan Stage

First Middle Ordovician Ostracods from Western Avalonia: Paleogeographical and Paleoenvironmental Significance - E. Landing; Mohibullah, M.; Williams, M. (Journal of Paleontology, 2013)
Two new species of ostracods, Conchoprimitia cassidula n. sp. and Sorornanopsis avalonensis n. gen. n. sp., represent the first described Middle Ordovician ostracods from western Avalonia. They were recovered as phosphatized carapaces dissolved out of a late early Darriwilian (ca. 467 Ma) limestone boulder from the Triassic Lepreau Formation of New Brunswick, Canada. The ostracods form a low-diversity component of a higher energy, near-shore, shelf marine fauna dominated by the trilobites Neseuretus and Stapleyella and by the conodonts Drepanoistodus and Baltoniodus. The low diversity of this Avalonian ostracod fauna contrasts with more diverse (tens of species), coeval ostracod faunas from Laurentia and Baltica. The association of Darriwilian ostracods and trilobites from New Brunswick demonstrates continuing exchange of open marine, cool water biota between Avalonia, Baltica, and West and North Gondwana that began in the late early Cambrian.
Keywords: geology paleontology

Reconstructing the Avalonia Palaeocontinent in the Cambrian: A 519 Ma Caliche in South Wales and Transcontinental Middle Terreneuvian Sandstones - E. Landing; Westrop, S. R.; Bowring, S. A. (Geology Magazine, 2013)
An Early Cambrian caliche on the St Non's Formation (emended) is the base of the Caerfai Bay Formation (unit-term changed) at Caerfai Bay, South Wales. Subaerial exposure and the caliche mean the two formations were not genetically related units. The St Non's is an older sand sheet (likely tidalitic, not delta-related) referred to Avalonian depositional sequence (ADS) 2, and the Caerfai Bay is a shallow mud basin unit referred to ADS 4A. The similar Random Formation (upper ADS 2) in North American Avalonia has a basal age of c. 528 Ma and is unconformably overlain by red mudstones or sandstones in fault-bounded basins on the Avalonian inner platform. Coeval British sandstones (lower Hartshill, Wrekin, St Non's, Brand Hills?) are unconformably overlain by latest Terreneuvian (ADS 3) or Epoch 2 (ADS 4A) units. Dates of 519 Ma on Caerfai Bay ashes give an upper bracket on the late appearance of Avalonian trilobites and suggest an ADS 2–4A hiatus of several million years. Post-St Non's and post-Random basin reorganization led to abundant Caerfai Bay Formation volcanic ashes and sparse Brigus Formation ashes in Newfoundland. The broad extent of erosional sequence boundaries that bracket lithologically similar to identical units emphasize that ‘east’ and ‘west’ Avalonia formed one palaeocontinent. The inner platform in southern Britain was larger than the Midlands craton, a tectonically defined later Palaeozoic area unrelated to terminal Ediacaran – Early Palaeozoic depositional belts. The cool-water successions of Early Palaeozoic Avalonia were distant from coeval West Gondwanan carbonate platforms.
Keywords: Avalonia; caliche; Early Cambrian; sequence stratigraphy; South Wales

Cultural Resources Monitoring Report for MDS 7 and 8, Town of Mohawk, Montgomery County, New York - M. Lenardi (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for Route 29 over Fish Creek, Town of Saratoga, Saratoga County, New York - M. Lenardi (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Site Examination for Various Sites, Route 40 over the Hoosick River, Village of Schaghticoke, Rensselaer County, New York - M. Lenardi; R. Dean (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Documentation of Canal Boat, Herkimer County, New York - M. Lenardi (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Architectural Report for the Five Rivers Environmental Center, Delmar, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

HAER for Rosendale Culvert, Town of Rosendale, Ulster County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Kosciusko Bridge Improvement Project, Village of Brooklyn and Queens, Kings and Queens County, New York - M.S. LoRusso; V. A. Schmitt (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Level I HAER Recordation for Tappan Zee Hudson River Crossing, Westchester and Rockland Counties, New York - M.S. LoRusso (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Six New Rare Minerals from New York - M. V. Lupulescu; Bailey, D. G.; M. Hawkins; Rowe, R. (Mineral News, 2013)
Keywords: geology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for Unanticipated discovery during Construction, Town of Tyrone, Schuyler County, New York - A. Lynch; L. J. Xinakes (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 0759.54, Iron Pier Pond Site, Hamlet of Northville, Town of Riverhead, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau; B. R. Dale (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Taxonomy and distribution of Grimmia (Bryophyta) in mountain regions of the Northeastern United States - Miller, N. G.; Hastings, R. I. (The Bryologist, 2013)
Summarized are results of field studies of small, cushion-forming species of Grimmia in high altitude mountain areas of New York State, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, and of associated research with herbarium specimens from these regions. We here report eight species. Grimmia anodon is added to the flora of the Northeast, and new records and clarifications are presented for G. donniana, G. incurva, G. longirostris, G. milleri, G. sessitana, and G. trichophylla. Collections of these species came from rock types of varying composition (calcareous to acidic), sometimes different vegetation, and varying altitudinal ranges. In spite of these advancements in knowledge, Grimmia of the northeastern United States remains incompletely understood, taxonomically and ecologically.

Mode of Action of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A, A Lethal Control Agent of Dreissenid Mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) - D. P. Molloy; D. A. Mayer; L. Giamberini; Gaylo, M. J. (Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2013)
Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A (Pf-CL145A) has demonstrated promise as an efficacious and selective agent for the control of macrofouling Dreissena spp. mussels. Herein, we report trials to investigate the mode of action of this biocontrol agent against Dreissena polymorpha, the zebra mussel. Exposure to dead Pf-CL145A cells achieved the same temporal pattern and percentage mussel mortality as did live cells, thereby excluding infection as the possible lethal mode of action. Histological analysis revealed pathologies consistent with the cause of death being intoxicating natural products associated with Pf-CL145A cells. Irrespective of whether the mussels were exposed to live or dead Pf-CL145A cells, examination of tissues from histological sections revealed that: (1) at the end of the 24-h treatment period there was massive hemocyte infiltration into the lumina of both the digestive gland and stomach; and (2) mussel deaths occurred following lysis and necrosis of the digestive gland and sloughing of stomach epithelium. These trials provide strong evidence that the lethal mode of action of Pf-CL145A is intoxication.
Keywords: Biological control; Biopesticide; Dreissena polymorpha; Hemocyte infiltration; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Zebra mussel

Non-target Trials with Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A, A Lethal Control Agent of Dreissenid Mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae). - D. P. Molloy; D. A. Mayer; Gaylo, M. J.; Burlakova, L. E.; Karatayev, A. Y.; Presti, K. T.; Sawyko, P. M.; Morse, J. T.; Paul, E. A. (Management of Biological Invasions, 2013)
In an effort to develop an efficacious and environmentally safe method for managing zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis), we initiated a research project investigating the potential use of bacteria and their natural metabolic products as biocontrol agents. This project resulted in the discovery of an environmental isolate lethal to dreissenid mussels, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A (Pf-CL145A). In previous published reports we have demonstrated that: 1) Pf-CL145A’s mode of action is intoxication (not infection); 2) natural product within ingested bacterial cells lyse digestive tract epithelial cells leading to dreissenid death; and 3) high dreissenid kill rates (>90%) are achievable following treatment with Pf-CL145A cells, irrespective of whether the bacterial cells are dead or alive. Investigating the environmental safety of Pf-CL145A was also a key element in our research efforts, and herein, we report the results of non-target trials demonstrating Pf-CL145A’s high specificity to dreissenids. These acute toxicity trials were typically single-dose, short-term (24-72 h) exposures to Pf-CL145A cells under aerated conditions at concentrations highly lethal to dreissenids (100 or 200 mg/L). These trials produced no evidence of mortality among the ciliate Colpidium colpoda, the cladoceran Daphnia magna, three fish species (Pimephales promelas, Salmo trutta, and Lepomis macrochirus), and seven bivalve species (Mytilus edulis, Pyganodon grandis, Pyganodon cataracta, Lasmigona compressa, Strophitus undulatus, Lampsilis radiata, and Elliptio complanata). Low mortality (3-27%) was recorded in the amphipod Hyalella azteca, but additional trials suggested that most, if not all, of the mortality could be attributed to some other unidentified factor (e.g., possibly particle load or a water quality issue) rather than Pf-CL145A’s dreissenid-killing natural product. In terms of potential environmental safety, the results of these invertebrate and vertebrate non-target trials are encouraging, but it would be unrealistic to think that dreissenids are the only aquatic organisms sensitive to Pf-CL145A’s dreissenid-killing natural product. Additional testing is needed to better define Pf-CL145A’s margin of safety by identifying the sensitivity of other susceptible organisms. The results of these non-target safety trials – in combination with equally promising mussel control efficacy data – have now led to Pf-CL145A’s commercialization under the product name Zequanox®, with dead cells as the product’s active ingredient. The commercial availability of only dead-cell Zequanox formulations will eliminate the risk of any possible non-target infection by Pf-CL145A, further reducing environmental concerns. During the non-target project reported herein, the limited quantities of Pf-CL145A cells that we were able to culture severely restricted the number and size of our trials. In contrast, the availability of Zequanox will now greatly expand the opportunities for non-target testing. The trials reported herein – exposing non-target organisms under aerated conditions to unformulated, laboratory-cultured cells – clearly point to Pf-CL145A’s potential for high host specificity, but non-target trials with Zequanox – using Pf-CL145A cells cultured, killed, and formulated using industrial-scale protocols – will be even more important as they will define the non-target safety limits of the actual commercial products under a wide range of environmental conditions.
Keywords: biocontrol; Dreissena polymorpha; Dreissena rostriformis bugensis; quagga mussel; Zebra mussel; Zequanox®

Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A A Biopesticide for the Control of Zebra and Quagga Mussels (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) - D. P. Molloy; D. A. Mayer; Gaylo, M. J.; Burlakova, L. E.; Karatayev, A. Y.; Presti, K. T.; Sawyko, P. M.; Morse, J. T.; Paul, A. T. (Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 2013)
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) are the “poster children” of high-impact aquatic invasive species. In an effort to develop an effective and environmentally acceptable method to control their fouling of raw-water conduits, we have investigated the potential use of bacteria and their natural metabolic products as selective biological control agents. An outcome of this effort was the discovery of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CL145A – an environmental isolate that kills these dreissenid mussels by intoxication (i.e., not infection). In the present paper, we use molecular methods to reconfirm that CL145A is a strain of the species P. fluorescens, and provide a phylogenetic analysis of the strain in relation to other Pseudomonas spp. We also provide evidence that the natural product lethal to dreissenids is associated with the cell wall of P. fluorescens CL145A, is a heat-labile secondary metabolite, and has degradable toxicity within 24 h when applied to water. CL145A appears to be an unusual strain of P. fluorescens since it was the only one among the ten strains tested to cause high mussel mortality. Pipe trials conducted under once-through conditions indicated: (1) P. fluorescens CL145A cells were efficacious against both zebra and quagga mussels, with high mortalities achieved against both species, and (2) as long as the total quantity of bacterial cells applied during the entire treatment period was the same, similar mussel mortality could be achieved in treatments lasting 1.5–12.0 h, with longer treatment durations achieving lower mortalities. The efficacy data presented herein, in combination with prior demonstration of its low risk of non-target impact, indicate that P. fluorescens CL145A cells have significant promise as an effective and environmentally safe control agent against these invasive mussels.
Keywords: Biological control; Biopesticide; quagga mussel; Zebra mussel; Zequanox®

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for Route 9 Sidewalk Repair, Loudonville, New York - Moragne, S.; Ferguson, J.; A. Gore; M.S. LoRusso; C. B. Rieth (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report of the Million Dollar Beach Site, Town of Lake George, New York - Moragne, S.; B. R. Dale; A. Gore (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

The Daily Lifes of Immigrants - Orser, C. E. (Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration, vol. 4, 2013)
Keywords: anthropology

The Politics of Periodization - Orser, C. E. (Reclaiming Archaeology: Beyond the Tropes of Modernity, 2013)
Keywords: anthropology

Review of The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes - Orser, C. E. (Journal of Southern History, 2013)
Keywords: anthropology

An Introduction to Archaeological Drafting using AutoCAD Map 3D - Pellerin, J.; H. Brown (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resouces Data Recovery Plan for the Rexford Aqueduct Site, Rexford, Schenectady County, New York - M. Pickands (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resource Background Screening Report for PIN 1043.34.101/BIN 1005510, U.S. Routes 9 and 20 over Amtrak and Route 9J, City of Rensselaer, Rensselaer County, New York - M. Pickands (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for PIN 1043.34.101, Route 9 over Route 9J and Amtrak, BIN 1005520, City of Rensselaer, Rensselaer County, New York - M. Pickands; V. A. Schmitt (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Overview of Historic Signage along Veterans Memorial Highway, Essex County, New York - M. Pickands; T. Thomas; V. A. Schmitt (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Predicted Range Shifts in North American Boreal Forest Birds and the Effect of Climate Change on Genetic Diversity in Blackpoll Warblers (Setophaga striata) - Ralston, J.; J. J. Kirchman (Conservation Genetics, 2013)
Keywords: Boreal forest birds; climate change; Conservation genetics; Microsatellites; Setophaga striata; Species distribution models

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Report for I-690, Town of Geddes, Onondaga County, New York - C. B. Rieth (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for OGS-43387, Construct Emergency Generator Building, No. 982, Great Meadow Correctional Facility, Route 22, Comstock, New York - C. B. Rieth (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 1941.23.101, Route 4 over the Champlain Canal, Village of Whitehall, Washington County, New York - C. B. Rieth; Sobik, C.; M.S. LoRusso (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Late Prehistoric Ceramic Technology in New York - C. B. Rieth (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Review of The Lost Radeau: America's Oldest Intact Warship - C. B. Rieth (Anthropology Review Database, 2013)
Keywords: anthropology

Small Site Archaeology in Eastern New York - C. B. Rieth (Current Research Online, 2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Space, Time and the Middle Woodland 'Jack's Reef Horizon' in New York - C. B. Rieth (Archaeology of Eastern North America, 2013)
The Jack's Reef site became in the late 1950s the type site for the middle to late Point Peninsula occupation of New York. Jack's Reef Corner-notched and Pentagonal points were identified by Ritchie as being diagnostic artifacts of the Jack's Reef horizon. However, few studies have focused on the spatial and temporal use of Jack's Reef points in New York. This paper examines this issue by looking at the distribution of Jack's Reef Corner-notched and Pentagonal points across the state. Current research suggests that these points appear on sites dating from the first to the tenth century A.D., although the greatest number of points date to the period A.D. 600 to 900. Spatially, these points appear with both earlier and later points scattered across the state, with the greatest number of points found in the eastern and central parts of the state. Although Jack's Reef points are considered index artifacts of the Middle Woodland period, these points are not found on all sites. While several researchers have suggested that these points have their origin in the Intrusive Mound Culture of Ohio, sites in western New York show smaller numbers of these points than expected. If Jack's Reef points were related to the Intrusive Mound Culture of Ohio, we should expect to find these points to be prominent on sites in western New York and common on early sites prior to the disappearance of the Intrusive Mound Culture around A.D. 400. Instead, the later dates of use and prominence in central and eastern New York argue for a different point of origin.
Keywords: Archaeology; Jack's Reef; Middle Woodland; New York; northeastern North America

What Happens in the Lab? - C. B. Rieth (Dig! The Children's Magazine of Archaeology, 2013)
Keywords: anthropology

Bryophyte diversity on Adirondack alpine summits is maintained by dissemination and establishment of vegetative fragments and spores - Robinson, S. C.; N. G., Miller (The Bryologist, 2013)
Many alpine bryophytes rely primarily if not exclusively on gametophytic fragments for reproduction. The dispersal role of these fragments, however, has not been adequately addressed. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which fragments disperse on alpine summits and the reproductive viability of those fragments. Airborne diaspores were collected from early spring snow deposits in 2008, 2009, and 2010 from the summit of Mt. Marcy, and from summer propagule traps placed on the summits of Mt. Marcy and Algonquin Peak in 2009 and 2010. All fragments collected were identified to genus and/or species, when possible. To test for reproductive viability, fragments were grown in nutrient agar under ambient conditions for a period of 17 weeks. To detect the presence of spores, collected debris was surface sterilized and cultured on separate dishes containing nutrient agar. A total of 6130 gametophytic fragments, representing 26 species, were collected. Collections were dominated by individual leaves (65%) and leafy branch fragments (32%). Up to 20% of fragments collected were found to be viable, with the majority of growth originating from stem tissue. In contrast, spore production was found to be uncommon to rare. The results of this study provide evidence that Adirondack alpine bryophyte populations are maintained by the production and dissemination of gametophore fragments during both winter and summer months, with infrequent spore production events, perhaps episodically when weather conditions are most suitable. Data also suggest that vegetative propagules may travel longer distances on these summits than originally predicted.

Cultural Resources Survey for Route 370, Onondaga Lake Parkway, Village of Liverpool, Town of Salina, Onondaga County, New York - J. Ross (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Exposer les vestiges: du sacre a lhistorique - Schaming, M. A. (Memoire et Memorialisation Volume 1, 2013)
Keywords: history

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 7034.09.101, NY 345 and CR 35, Town of Potsdam, St. Lawrence County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

A Cytogeographic Survey of the Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Complex and Its Taxonomic Implications - C. J. Sheviak (The Native Orchid Conference Journal, 2013)
Keywords: biology

Developmentally Variable Lip Color in Cypripedium parviflorum Salisb.: More than a Form? - C. J. Sheviak (The Native Orchid Conference Journal, 2013)
Keywords: biology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey for PIN 1043.44.101, Route 9 over the Schroon River, BIN 1005820, Town of North Hudson, Essex County, New York - Sobik, C.; M.S. LoRusso (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Survey of Route 86/the West Branch of the Ausable River, Essex County, New York - Sobik, C.; M.S. LoRusso (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Daniel and Floyd Hungerford: Rocket Power, Interstellar Travel and Eternal Life - G. Stein (New York State Museum Record, 2013)
Keywords: history

Chronometric Hygiene of Radiocarbon Databases for Early Durable Cooking Vessel Technologies in Northeastern North America - Taché, K.; J. P. Hart (American Antiquity, 2013)
The earliest widespread pottery in northeastern North America is known as Vinette 1, a designation made by Ritchie and MacNeish (1949) over 60 years ago. While variation exists within this type (Taché 2005), external and internal cordmarked surfaces, thick walls, and large crushed-rock temper generally characterize this pottery. The history of this pottery, including its inception, geographical spread, temporal overlap with steatite vessels, and eventual replacement by other pottery technologies, is far from clear. In this article, we examine the existing database of radiocarbon assays associated with Vinette 1 pottery and steatite vessels, perform a chronometric hygiene of those age estimates, and introduce 21 new AMS assays on charred cooking residues adhering to Vinette 1 sherd interiors. The results suggest a much more temporally restricted history for Vinette 1 pottery technology and a long period of coexistence with steatite vessels. However, the small number of reliable age estimates available for both technologies prevents a detailed assessment of their respective histories.
Keywords: chronology building; early pottery; northeastern North America; radiocarbon dating

Historic Overview of Veterans Memorial Highway, Town of Wilmington, Essex County, New York - T. Thomas; M. Pickands; V. A. Schmitt; Williams, J. (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Screening Survey for PIN 3501.56.121, Little York Creek, Town of Homer, Cortland County, New York - T. Thomas (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Life Mode of In Situ Conularia in a Middle Devonian Epibole - van Iten, H.; V. P. Tollerton Jr.; C. A. Ver Straeten; Leme, J. DM; Simos, M. G.; Rodrigues, S. C. (Palaeontology, 2013)
Abstract:  Exceptionally abundant specimens of Conularia aff. desiderata Hall occur in multiple marine obrution deposits, in a single sixth-order parasequence composed of argillaceous and silty very fine sandstone, in the Otsego Member of the Mount Marion Formation (Middle Devonian, Givetian) in eastern New York State, USA. Associated fossils consist mostly of rhynchonelliform brachiopods but also include bivalve molluscs, orthoconic nautiloids, linguliform brachiopods and gastropods. Many of the brachiopods, bivalve molluscs and conulariids have been buried in situ. Conulariids buried in situ are oriented with their aperture facing obliquely upward and with their long axis inclined at up to 87 degree to bedding. Most specimens are solitary, but some occur in V-like pairs or in radial clusters consisting of three specimens, with the component specimens being about equally long or (less frequently) substantially different in length. The compacted apical end of Conularia buried in situ generally rests upon argillaceous sandstone. With one possible exception, none of the examined specimens terminates in a schott (apical wall), and internal schotts appear to be absent. The apical ends of specimens in V-like pairs and radial clusters show no direct evidence of interconnection of their periderms. The apical, middle or apertural region of some inclined specimens abuts or is in close lateral proximity to a recumbent conulariid or to one or more spiriferid brachiopods, some of which have been buried in their original life orientation. The azimuthal bearings of Conularia and nautiloid long axes and the directions in which conulariids open are nonrandom, with conulariids being preferentially aligned between 350 and 50 degree and with their apertural end facing north-east, and nautiloids being preferentially aligned between 30 and 70 degree. Otsego Member Conularia were erect or semi-erect, epifaunal or partially infaunal animals, the apical end of which rested upon very fine bottom sediment. The origin of V-like pairs and radial clusters remains enigmatic, but it is probable that production of schotts was not a regular feature of this animal’s life history. Finally, conulariids and associated fauna were occasionally smothered by distal storm deposits, under the influence of relatively weak bottom currents.
Keywords: conulariids; ecological epibole; life mode; Middle Devonian; Mount Marion Formation; obrution deposits

Bedrock Geology of the Altamont Quadrangle, Albany and Schenectady Counties, New York - C. A. Ver Straeten; Stander, E.; Engel, T. D. (Map & Chart Series 62, 2013)
Keywords: geology

Beneath It All: Bedrock Geology of the Catskill Mountains and Implications of its Weathering - C. A. Ver Straeten (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2013)
The Devonian-age bedrock of the Catskill Mountains has been the focus of many studies. This paper reviews the character and composition of the rocks of the Catskills, and examines weathering (rock decay) processes and their implications in the Catskills. Rocks of the Catskills and closest foothills consist of siliciclastic rocks (sandstones, mudrocks, conglomerates) with minimal, locally dispersed carbonate rocks. The former are dominated by quartz, metamorphic and sedimentary rock fragments, and clay minerals. Other minor sediment components include cements, authigenic and heavy minerals, and fossil organic matter. Physical, chemical, and biological weathering of the Catskill bedrock since uplift of the Appalachian region, combined with glaciation, have dissected a plateau of nearly horizontally layered rocks into a series of ridges, valleys, and peaks. The varied weathering processes, in conjunction with many factors (natural and anthropogenic), fragment the rocks, forming sediment and releasing various elements and compounds. These may have positive, neutral, or negative implications for the region's soils, waters, ecology, and human usage. A new generation of studies and analyses of the Catskill bedrock is needed to help answer a broad set of questions and problems across various fields of interest.
Keywords: Catskill Mountains; geology; New York; weathering

Cultural Resources Screening Survey for Large Culvert Replacement and Rehabilitation, NY Route 98, Town of Great Valley, Franklinville, Cattaraugus County, New York - L. J. Xinakes (2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Screening Survey for Large Culvert Replacement and Rehabilitation, NY Route 98, Town of Great Valley, Franklinville, Cattaraugus County, New York - L. J. Xinakes (New York State Department of Transportation, 2013)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Kimberlitic Rocks of New York: The Dewitt 'Kimberlite' - Bailey, D.; M. V. Lupulescu (Field Trip Guidbook for the 84th Annual Meeting of the New York State Geological Association, 2012)
Keywords: geology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 8393.24.121, Route 376, Town of East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York - H. Brown (2012)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Spatial, Seasonal, and Diel Distribution Patterns of Hemimysis anomala in New York State's Finger Lakes - Brown, M. E.; R. S. Morse; O'Neill, K. (Journal of Great Lakes Research, 2012)
With this contribution, we report on the continued and rapid spread of Hemimysis anomala (Crustacea, Mysidae) to inland waters of New York State within the Laurentian Great Lakes watershed. In the spring and summer of 2010, we detected Hemimysis at multiple locations in Seneca Lake, spanning the lake's 61 km length, and in the Seneca-Cayuga Canal, 7 km downstream of the canal's source at Seneca Lake. We did not detect Hemimysis in any of the other ten Finger Lakes. The pattern of range expansion suggests jump dispersal to Seneca Lake, followed by passive dispersal in the Seneca-Cayuga Canal. This range expansion highlights the potential of this emerging invader to spread throughout the New York State Canal system that links the Great Lakes with the Hudson River watershed and a number of large inland lakes via the Erie Canal and its tributaries. During our nighttime sampling campaign on Seneca Lake, densities of Hemimysis exceeding 2500 ind./m3 were associated with littoral rocky structures, docks, and piers. At a reference site near the source of the Seneca-Cayuga Canal, we observed demographic shifts from an adult-dominated population in early spring to a juvenile-dominated population from late-spring to autumn. We also observed strong nocturnal behavior for all stages, with juveniles rising earlier than adults in the evening and remaining higher in the water column near dawn. These demographic and behavioral characteristics, combined with the extensive hydrogeographic network in the Great Lakes, contribute to the species rapid range expansion and the mechanism of its spread.
Keywords: Dispersal; Finger Lakes; Hemimysis anomala; Invasive species; Vertical migration

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 8327.38.101, Route 9D from Nelson Lane to Philip's Church Driveway, Village of Garrison, Town of Phillipstown, Putnam County, New York - Carioto, J.; V. A. Schmitt (2012)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Road-cut Mineral Occurrences of St. Lawrence County, New York. Part 5: The Prehnite Occurrence on the Russell-Hermon Road - S. C. Chamberlain; Walter, M.; M. V. Lupulescu (Rocks & Minerals, 2012)
Keywords: geology

Higher-level Phylogeny of the Insect Order Hemiptera: Is Auchenorrhyncha Really Paraphyletic? - J. R. Cryan; J. M. Urban (Systematic Entomology, 2012)
The higher-level phylogeny of the order Hemiptera remains a contentious topic in insect systematics. The controversy is chiefly centered on the unresolved question of whether or not the hemipteran suborder Auchenorrhyncha (including the extant superfamilies Fulgoroidea, Membracoidea, Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea) is a monophyletic lineage. Presented here are the results of a multilocus molecular phylogenetic investigation of relationships among the major hemipteran lineages, designed specifically to address the question of Auchenorrhyncha monophyly in the context of broad taxonomic sampling across Hemiptera. Phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) were based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from seven gene regions (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, histone H3, histone 2A, wingless, cytochrome c oxidase I and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4) generated from 86 in-group exemplars representing all major lineages of Hemiptera (plus seven out-group taxa). All combined analyses of these data recover the monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha, and also support the monophyly of each of the following lineages: Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Heteropterodea, Heteroptera, Fulgoroidea, Cicadomorpha, Membracoidea, Cercopoidea and Cicadoidea. Also presented is a review of the major lines of morphological and molecular evidence for and against the monophyly of Auchenorrhyncha.
Keywords: Auchenorrhyncha; Hemiptera; Phylogenetics

Cultural Resources Archaeological Monitoring Report for Slope Failure Repair, Crown Point Historic Site, Town of Crown Point, Essex County, New York - B. R. Dale; A. Gore (2012)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Data Recovery Memorandum for the N.A. White Pottery Site (NYSM # 12151), PIN 2134.41.414, City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - B. R. Dale (2012)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

Cultural Resources Site Examination Report for PIN 0754.54, the J.E. Weir Site, Village of Jamesport, and the Pier Ave. South Site, Hamlet of Northville, Town of Riverhead, Suffolk County, New York - B. R. Dale; D. E. Mazeau (New York State Museum, 2012)

Cultural Resources Site Examination Report of the J. G. Byars Site (NYSM# 11370), NY Route 22 over the Walloomsac River, Town of North Hoosick, Rensselaer County, New York - N. L. Davis (New York State Museum Cultural Resource Survey Program Series, 2012)
Keywords: anthropology Cultural Resources

European Trade Goods at the Ripley Site: Implications for Interaction Networks and Chronology - P. B. Drooker (Northeast Anthropology, 2012)
Keywords: anthropology

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 7004.06.121, Route 37B, Town of Massena, St. Lawrence County, New York - Dubuque, J.; V. A. Schmitt (2012)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

New AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Late Pleistocene Mastodons and Mammoths in New York State, USA - R. S. Feranec; A. L. Kozlowski (Radiocarbon, 2012)
During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) about 25,000 yr ago, the area of what is now New York State (USA) was almost entirely covered by the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS; Dyke et al. 2002). Subsequent habitation of this area after the melting of the LIS necessitates dispersal of fauna, and the timing of the dispersal of particular species may aid in the understanding of how the modern ecosystems of New York were assembled. Mastodons and mammoths represent the most abundant post-LGM Pleistocene megafauna recovered in New York. However, many of the specimens have not been dated. This paper presents a set of dates from bone and tooth dentine collagen of late Pleistocene mastodon (n = 7) and mammoth (n = 3) specimens housed in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collections at the New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA.
Keywords: Mammal; Megafauna; New York; Pleistocene; Rariocarbon dating

Exploring Till Bed Kinematics Using AMS Magnetic Fabrics and Pebble Fabrics: The Weedsport Drumlin Field, New York State, USA - Gentoso, M. J.; Evenson, E. B.; Kodama, K. P.; Iverson, N. R.; Alley, R. B.; Berti , C.; A. L. Kozlowski (Boreas, 2012)
Thick, relatively homogeneous basal tills exposed in the drumlins and flutes of the Weedsport drumlin and flute field in New York State exhibit anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and pebble fabrics that are consistently oriented parallel to the streamlined bedforms. The pebble fabrics and AMS fabrics are concordant. In this study, six drumlins and five flutes were sampled. Thermally induced, incremental reduction of isothermal remanent magnetization indicates that AMS is caused by primarily elongate maghaemite grains. The orientations of principal axes of maximum susceptibility (k1) are generally parallel to pebble long-axis orientations, and tend to plunge mildly up-glacier. Fabric directions are generally parallel to drumlin long-axis orientations, but deviate by 12°–23° from flute directions. Fabrics of the flutes are stronger and more unidirectional than those of the drumlins. These results support the use of AMS as a fast and objective method for characterizing fabrics in tills, and suggest hypotheses about basal processes linked to glacially streamlined landforms.
Keywords: Basal tills; Drumlins; glacial geology; Magnetic susceptibility; New York; till fabrics

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 7080.09.121, Route 970, Brownville, Jefferson County, New York - A. Gore (2012)
Keywords: Cultural Resources

The Effects of Geographical Distances on Pottery Assemblage Similarities: A Case Study from Northern Iroquoia - J. P. Hart (Journal of Archaeological Science, 2012)
A basic premise of archaeology is that the more frequently two human populations interacted with one another the more similar was their material culture. A corollary of this is that the closer two human populations are to one another geographically, the more frequently they will interact. This corollary has been expressed in the archaeological study of northern Iroquoia since the 1950s on the basis of historical ethnic territories. The expectation has been that after ca. A.D. 1000 to 1300 there was more interaction between village populations within these historical territories than between village populations located in different historical territories. Here I test this corollary with pottery decoration data from 114 northern Iroquoian village sites dating from c. A.D. 1350 to 1640. Results indicate that geographic distance has little effect on pottery assemblage similarity.
Keywords: Northern Iroquoian; pottery decoration; Regression analysis; Social network analysis