%0 Journal Article %J Radiocarbon %D 2024 %T Evaluating the Timing of Early Village Development in New York: More Dates from Classic New York Sites %A Birch, J. %A Manning, S. W %A J. P. Hart %A Lorentzen, B. %K AMS dating %K Bayesian modeling %K New York early villages %X
Five sites in present-day New York have played important roles in archaeological narratives surrounding the development of settled village life in northeastern North America. Excavated in the mid-twentieth century, the Roundtop, Maxon-Derby, Sackett or Canandaigua, Bates, and Kelso sites include evidence related to the transition from semisedentary settlement-subsistence patterns during the twelfth through fourteenth centuries AD to those associated with fifteenth century and later settled Iroquoian villagers. Radiocarbon dates for each site were obtained early in the development of the method and again following the transition to AMS dating. Here, we present new or recently-published dates for these sites, combined with reliable existing dates in Bayesian models, including in some cases short tree-ring sequenced wiggle-matches on wood charcoal. Our results clarify the timing of each site’s occupation(s), revealing both continuity and discontinuity in the development of longhouse dwellings, sedentism, and the repeated re-use of some site locations over hundreds of years.
The primary crops of Indigenous agricultural systems in North America in the centuries prior to and following
European colonization were maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), bean (Phaseolus spp.), and squash (Cucurbita spp.). Of
these, charred maize is the best represented in macrobotanical assemblages from open-air sites in northeastern
North America; macrobotanical assemblages in this region consist primarily of charred plant remains. Charred
bean seeds generally occur in much lower quantities and charred squash seeds in lower quantities than charred
bean seeds. Heating taphonomy experiments have been performed on maize kernels and bean seeds to determine
the most likely temperature range for preservation in the archaeological record. Such studies have been lacking
for squash seeds. A series of heating experiments with seeds harvested from fruits of three squash species indicate
that unlike maize kernels and bean seeds, charring does not enhance squash seed preservation. The recovery of
one or a few charred squash seeds from a site likely represents a high degree of use.
In 1998, Hartgen Archeological Associates, Inc., excavated the remains of the John Bogart House basement in downtown Albany, New York. Archaeologists found a small artifact-filled barrel buried below the floor adjacent to an interior dividing wall. Most striking were the number of sharp and modified objects within this barrel and elsewhere under the basement floor that were likely hidden or lost by enslaved African Americans who occupied the space during the late 18th century. Albany underwent a dramatic social and political transformation at the end of the 18th century, causing anxiety and tension with the city. Within this uncertain post-Revolutionary climate, Albany’s African American community expressed a measure of public autonomy through the Pinkster festival. At the same time, African Americans at the Bogart House were carefully curating multivalent objects to express personal autonomy and group identity in the face of often violent repression.
Emerson and colleagues (2020) provide new isotopic evidence on directly dated human bone from the Greater Cahokia region. They conclude that maize was not adopted in the region prior to AD 900. Placing this result within the larger context of maize histories in northeastern North America, they suggest that evidence from the lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River valley for earlier maize is “enigmatic” and “perplexing.” Here, we review that evidence, accumulated over the course of several decades, and question why Emerson and colleagues felt the need to offer opinions on that evidence without providing any new contradictory empirical evidence for the region.
%B American Antiquity %V 86 %P 425 - 427 %8 Jan-04-2021 %G eng %U https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002731620000931/type/journal_article %N 2 %! Am. Antiq. %R 10.1017/aaq.2020.93 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports %D 2021 %T The effects of charring on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) seed morphology and strength %A J. P. Hart %K Charring %K common bean %K Experimental archaeology %K Seed identification %XBean (Phaseolus L. spp.) is one of three crops along with maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) and squash (Cucurbita L. spp.) that dominated Native American agricultural systems throughout the Western Hemisphere. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was the species present in northeastern North America and was the last of the three crops to be adopted there. Common bean macrobotanical remains become archaeologically visible as charred whole seeds and more typically cotyledons around cal. CE 1250. After that time, common bean is scare in the archaeological record, especially when compared to charred maize kernels. This has led paleoethnobotanists to suggest charred common bean seeds do not preserve well because of physical changes during charring. The results of charring experiments presented here indicate that cotyledons of charred dried common bean seeds heated at temperatures between 220 ◦C and 260 ◦C maintain strength, identifying characteristics, are little changed in size, and so are likely to survive and be identified. Common bean seeds carbonized at higher temperatures lose substantial mass, exhibit surficial fissures, and consequently lose strength, suggesting they are unlikely to survive intact if at all in the archaeological record. Rehydrated seeds lose considerable strength at all temperatures and are less likely than carbonize dried beans to survive in the archaeological record.
%B Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports %V 37 %P 102996 %8 Apr-27-2021 %G eng %U https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352409X2100208X %! Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports %R 10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102996 %0 Journal Article %J Landscape Ecology %D 2020 %T Elucidating the impact of anthropogenic supplementation, isolation and ecological heterogeneity on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) genetic structure %A Bruce, Spencer A. %A George, Scott D. %A Baldigo, Barry P. %A J. J Wright %XPreservation of genetic diversity is a commonly cited, yet under-evaluated aspect of species conservation plans. Understanding the influence of human-mediated translocations and habitat constraints on landscape patterns of genetic structure in threatened fish species is essential to maintaining biodiversity and adaptive potential.
We evaluated the degree of influence from supplemental stocking, assessed the spatial population genetic structure, and examined the potential relationship between hybridization and ecology for Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Black River watershed in New York State, USA.
We used 13 microsatellite loci from over 450 fish at 18 sampling locations to map genetic structure and diversity, estimate the level of influence from stocked conspecifics, and model the relationship between hybridization and ecological characteristics.
We found widespread genetic introgression attributable to state-based stocking activities and a pattern of hierarchical genetic diversity across the landscape, which has additionally been influenced by geography. Site-specific fish assemblage variables appear to be unrelated to introgressive hybridization from stocked conspecifics, and only one hydrochemical variable, SO42−, exhibited strong explanatory power in predicting hybridization between wild and supplemented fish. A single locality exhibited genetic structure consistent with no history of introgression potentially associated with differences in elevation, and thus contributed disproportionately to the level of genetic diversity observed across the landscape.
When examining genetic structure in fluvial riverine networks, it is important to consider the combined and interacting effects of both hybridization and habitat, which may result in augmented genetic structure not predictable from any single factor.
Most researchers argue that archaeological evidence for the Clovis technological complex, although documented across most of unglaciated North America, is absent in the glaciated Northeast, suggesting that early Paleoindian populations in the latter region were descendent from early Native American peoples associated with Clovis technology. If so, what are the earliest fluted biface forms in glaciated northeastern North America? To refine developmental and relative chronological relationships of early Paleoindian fluted bifaces in the region, we (1) examine fluted-biface-reduction sequences at the Rogers (Ontario) and West Athens Hill (WAH) (New York) sites, and (2) compare fluted-point samples from early Paleoindian sites in the Northeast and vicinity. For Rogers and WAH, our results document variable frequencies of overshot and overface flaking during fluted-point manufacture – features linked elsewhere to Clovis biface reduction. In addition, analyses identify several early Paleoindian fluted-point samples in the Northeast that bear similarities to Clovis points but differ from, and therefore likely predate Gainey and Gainey-related early Paleoindian point forms in the glaciated Northeast.
%B PaleoAmerica %V 5 %P 121-131 %G eng %U https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2019.1601473 %N 2 %! PaleoAmerica %R 10.1080/20555563.2019.1601473 %0 Journal Article %J GSA Bulletin %D 2019 %T Early Paleozoic rifting and reactivation of a passive-margin rift: Insights from detrital zircon provenance signatures of the Potsdam Group, Ottawa graben: Comment %A E. Landing %A Hersi, Osman Salad %A L. Amati %A Westrop, Stephen R. %A Franzi, David A. %XThis comment outlines fundamental problems in Lowe et al.’s synthesis (2018) of the early Paleozoic stratigraphic architecture of the eastern Ottawa-Bonnechere aulacogen that preclude an accurate analysis of the region’s geological and depositional history and even an adequate stratigraphic provenance of the detrital zircons that they analyze. These problems include: inaccurate lithostratigraphic and contradictory biostratigraphic correlations that have also led to extension of the Potsdam “Group” into the Lower Ordovician; a proposed allostratigraphy that contradicts itself when tested with existing litho- and biostratigraphic data; redefinitions of earlier defined lithostratigraphic units that lead to confusion on close reading; and errors in interpreted depositional environments and lithostratigraphic contacts.
%B GSA Bulletin %V 131 %P 695-698 %G eng %U https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/568494/Early-Paleozoic-rifting-and-reactivation-of-a %N 3-4 %R 10.1130/B35104.1 %0 Journal Article %J Ecology and Evolution %D 2018 %T Estimates of gene flow and dispersal in wild riverine Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations reveal ongoing migration and introgression from stocked fish %A Bruce, Spencer A. %A J. J Wright %XAs anthropogenic impacts accelerate changes to landscapes across the globe, understanding how genetic population structure is influenced by habitat features and dispersal is key to preserving evolutionary potential at the species level. Furthermore, knowledge of these interactions is essential to identifying potential constraints on local adaptation and for the development of effective management strategies. We examined these issues in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations residing in the Upper Hudson River watershed of New York State by investigating the spatial genetic structure of over 350 fish collected from 14 different sampling locations encompassing three river systems. Population genetic analyses of microsatellite data suggest that fish in the area exhibit varying degrees of introgression from nearby State‐directed supplementation activities. Levels of introgression in these populations correlate with water‐way distance to stocking sites, although genetic population structure at the level of individual tributaries as well as their larger, parent river systems is also detectable and is dictated by migration and influenced by habitat connectivity. These findings represent a significant contribution to the current literature surrounding Brook Trout migration and dispersal, especially as it relates to larger interconnected systems. This work also suggests that stocking activities may have far‐reaching consequences that are not directly limited to the immediate area where stocking occurs. The framework and data presented here may aid in the development of other local aquatic species‐focused conservation plans that incorporate molecular tools to answer complex questions regarding diversity mapping, and genetically important conservation units.
%B Ecology and Evolution %V 8 %P 11410-11422 %G eng %U http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ece3.4556 %N 23 %! Ecol Evol %R 10.1002/ece3.4556 %0 Journal Article %J Earth-Science Reviews %D 2018 %T Early evolution of colonial animals (Ediacaran Evolutionary Radiation–Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation–Great Ordovician Biodiversification Interval) %A E. Landing %A Antcliffe, J. B. %A Geyer, G. %A Kouchinsky, A. %A Bowser, S. S. %A Andreas, A. %K Cambrian %K Colonies %K Early evolution %K Ediacaran %K Eumetazoa %K Ordovician %XRe-evaluation of eumetazoan modular coloniality gives a new perspective to Ediacaran–Ordovician animal diversification. Highly integrated eumetazoan colonies (porpitids [“chondrophorines”], pennatulacean octocorals, anthozoans) prove to be unknown in the Ediacaran. Ediacaran Evolutionary Radiation (EER, new term) fossils include macroscopic and multicellular remains that cannot be compellingly related to any modern group. Claims of eumetazoan coloniality in the Ediacaran are questionable. The subsequent Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation (CER, terminal Ediacaran–late early Cambrian) records appearance and diversification of deep burrowers and a relatively abrupt development of biomineralization. The CER began in a transition zone that spans the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary and includes the final few million years of the Ediacaran. The early CER has pseudocolonial(?) Corumbella that may be related to some Phanerozoic taxa (conulariids) and records appearance of the first macroscopic biomineralised organisms (Cloudina, Namacalathus, Namapoikea), which may not be eumetazoans. Modular eumetazoans dominate and define many Ordovician and younger habitats (coral, bryozoan, sabellitid reefs; pelagic larvaceans, salps, early–middle Palaeozoic graptolites), but eumetazoan coloniality largely “missed” the EER and CER. All purported Ediacaran–Ordovician porpitids (“chondophorines”) and pennatulaceans are not colonial eumetazoans. Only in the late early Cambrian (late CER) or early middle Cambrian do a few modular colonial eumetazoans first occur as fossils. These include Sphenothallus (available evidence precludes Torellella coloniality), some corals (colonial “coralomorphs”), and lower middle Cambrian graptolithoids. Modular eumetazoan colonies (corals, graptolithoids) in the late early and early middle Cambrian (late Epoch 2–early Epoch 3) and appearance of mid-water predators (cephalopods, euconodonts) and bryozoans in the late Cambrian–earliest Ordovician (late Furongian–early Tremadocian) are the root for the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Interval (GOBI, new term) and diverse later Phanerozoic communities.
%B Earth-Science Reviews %V 178 %P 105-135 %8 01/2018 %G eng %U http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825217305238 %! Earth-Science Reviews %R 10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.01.013 %0 Report %D 2018 %T Evaluation of John Boyd Thacher Park, Albany County, New York, For its Merit in Meeting National Criteria as a National Natural Landmark, Final Report %A Venti, N. L. %A C. A. Ver Straeten %A Osgood, S. C. %A DiTroia, A. L. %I Submitted to the National Park Service. Massachusetts Geological Survey %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Science Advances %D 2017 %T Effects of Population Dispersal on Regional Signaling Networks: An Example from Northern Iroquoia %A J. P. Hart %A Birch, Jennifer %A Gates St-Pierre, Christian %XThe dispersal of Iroquoian groups from St. Lawrence River valley during the 15th and 16th centuries A.D. has been a source of archaeological inquiry for decades. Social network analysis presented here indicates that sites from Jefferson County, New York at the head of the St. Lawrence River controlled interactions within regional social signaling networks during the 15th century A.D. Measures indicate that Jefferson County sites were in brokerage liaison positions between sites in New York and Ontario. In the network for the subsequent century, to which no Jefferson County sites are assigned, no single group took the place of Jefferson County in controlling network flow. The dispersal of Jefferson County populations effectively ended this brokerage function concomitant with the emergence of the nascent Huron-Wendat and Iroquois confederacies and may have contributed to the escalation of conflict between these entities. These results add to a growing literature on the use of network analyses with archaeological data and contribute new insights into processes of population relocation and geopolitical realignment, as well as the role of borderlands and frontiers in nonstate societies.
%B Science Advances %V 3 %P e1700497 %8 08/2017 %G eng %U http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/8/e1700497 %N 8 %R 10.1126/sciadv.1700497 %0 Conference Proceedings %B International Symposium on the Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition %D 2017 %T Ediacaran– Cambrian of Avalonian Eastern Newfoundland (Avalon, Burin, and Bonavista Peninsulas) %E E. Landing %E Myrow, P.M. %E Geyer, G. %E McIlroy, D. %B International Symposium on the Ediacaran–Cambrian Transition %V Field Trip 4 %8 2017 %G eng %U http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/nr/mines/geoscience/publications/openfiles/GAC-SEG-MAC_FT-Guides/OF_NFLD_3323_FT-2017.pdf %0 Report %D 2017 %T Evaluation of 7 Bridges, Falls Road Railroad Bridge Repair, Village of Brockport, Monroe County; Towns of Murray and Albion, Orleans County and City of Lockport, Niagara County %A M.S. LoRusso %I New York State Museum %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Journal Article %J PaleoAmerica %D 2016 %T Early Human Settlement of Northeastern North America %A J. C. Lothrop %A Lowery, Darrin L. %A Spiess, Arthur E. %A Ellis, Christopher J. %XThis paper summarizes current evidence for earliest human occupation of northeastern North America during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. We review evolution of the region’s landscapes and evidence of archaeological chronologies as context for understanding human settlement of the region. Current data support limited evidence for pre-Clovis occupation south of the Laurentide glacial margin, followed by a significant temporal gap prior to early Paleoindian settlement of the region. Despite differences in subregional data sets, mapping of site distributions and assemblage data do support the notion of variation in lifeways between Paleoindian populations occupying formerly glaciated parts of the Northeast in the late Pleistocene, versus contemporary groups in lands south of the Laurentide glacial margin. Through time, the greatest differences in Paleoindian land use and technology occur between the Younger Dryas and early Holocene.
%B PaleoAmerica %V 2 %P 192-251 %G eng %U https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2016.1212178 %N 3 %! PaleoAmerica %R 10.1080/20555563.2016.1212178 %0 Journal Article %J PLOS ONE %D 2015 %T Exploring the Potential of Laser Ablation Carbon Isotope Analysis for Examining Ecology during the Ontogeny of Middle Pleistocene Hominins from Sima de los Huesos (Northern Spain) %A Garcia, N. %A R. S. Feranec %A Passey, B. H. %A Cerling, T. E. %A Arsuaga, J. L. %E Bondioli, L. %K bears %K hominins %K Laser ablation %K middle Pleistocene %K red deer %K Sierra de Atapuerca %K Spain %K stable carbon isotope %K tooth enamel %XLaser ablation of tooth enamel was used to analyze stable carbon isotope compositions of teeth of hominins, red deer, and bears from middle Pleistocene sites in the Sierra de Atapuerca in northern Spain, to investigate the possibility that this technique could be used as an additional tool to identify periods of physiological change that are not detectable as changes in tooth morphology. Most of the specimens were found to have minimal intratooth variation in carbon isotopes (< 2.3‰), suggesting isotopically uniform diets through time and revealing no obvious periods of physiological change. However, one of the two sampled hominin teeth displayed a temporal carbon isotope shift (3.2‰) that was significantly greater than observed for co-occurring specimens. The δ13C value of this individual averaged about -16‰early in life, and -13‰later in life. This isotopic change occurred on the canine crown about 4.2 mm from the root, which corresponds to an approximate age of two to four years old in modern humans. Our dataset is perforce small owing to the precious nature of hominid teeth, but it demonstrates the potential utility of the intra-tooth isotope profile method for extracting ontogenetic histories of human ancestors.
%B PLOS ONE %V 10 %P e0142895 %8 Apr-12-2016 %G eng %U http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0142895 %N 12 %! PLoS ONE %R 10.1371/journal.pone.0142895 %0 Report %D 2015 %T Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) Spray Dried Powder for Controlling Zebra Mussels Adhering to Test Substrates: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1051 %A Luoma, J. A. %A Severson, T. J. %A Weber, K. L. %A D. A. Mayer %Y New York State Museum %K biology %XA mobile bioassay trailer was used to assess the efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) spray dried powder (SDP) formulation for controlling zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from two midwestern lakes: Lake Carlos (Alexandria, Minnesota) and Shawano Lake (Shawano, Wisconsin). The effects of SDP exposure concentration and exposure duration on zebra mussel survival were evaluated along with the evaluation of a benthic injection application technique to reduce the amount of SDP required to induce zebra mortality.
Groups of zebra mussels were collected from each lake and allowed to adhere to test substrates for at least 15 days before exposure to SDP. Two independent trials were completed at each lake: (1) a whole water column (WWC) application trial was used to evaluate the effects of SDP exposure concentration and exposure duration on zebra mussel survival; and (2) a benthic injection (BI) application trial in which the SDP was injected into the test tanks to determine the efficacy of a benthic injection application technique to reduce the amount of SDP required to induced zebra mussel mortality. Three exposure durations (6, 9, and 12 hours) were evaluated in the WWC trials and a 12-hour exposure duration was evaluated in the BI trials. All trials contained zebra mussels which were removed at the completion of each exposure duration, consolidated into wire mesh cages, and held in the lake for approximately 30 days before being assessed for survival.
For all trials, treatment was assigned to each test tank according to a randomized block design (n = 3 test tanks per treatment). The treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) a group that received an application of 50 milligrams of SDP per liter (mg SDP/L), and (3) a group that received an application of 100 mg SDP/L. During the BI trials, SDP was administered to achieve the desired exposure concentration in the bottom 50 percent (175 L) of the test tank. All exposure concentrations are reported as active ingredient.
Approximately 30 days after exposure, zebra mussels were sorted into live and dead, and enumerated. Mean survival of zebra mussels in control treatments exceeded 95 percent. Mean survival of zebra mussels in the Lake Carlos WWC SDP-treated groups ranged from 0.5 to 2.1 percent and when compared at the same exposure duration, no difference was detected in survival between the 50 and 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) treatment groups. Similarly, mean survival of zebra mussels in the Shawano Lake WWC SDP-treated groups ranged from 2.0 to 12.6 percent and when compared at the same exposure duration, no difference was detected in survival between the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups. Mean survival of zebra mussels in the Lake Carlos BI trial SDP-treated groups did not differ (p = 0.93) and was 18.1 and 18.0 percent in the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups, respectively. Mean survival of zebra mussels in the Shawano Lake BI trial SDP-treated groups differed (p < 0.01) and was 2.9 and 0.9 percent in the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups, respectively. Survival of zebra mussels assigned to the SDP-treated groups in the Lake Carlos WWC trial (12-hour exposure duration) differed from the survival of zebra mussels assigned to the SDP-treated groups in the Lake Carlos BI trial; however, after modification of the BI application technique, no difference (p = 0.22) was detected between the survival of zebra mussel in the Shawano Lake WWC (12-hour exposure duration) and BI trials.
%I United States Geological Survey %C Washington, D. C %G eng %U http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151050 %R 10.3133/ofr20151050 %0 Report %D 2015 %T Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A Spray Dried Powder for Controlling Zebra Mussels Adhering to Native Unionid Mussels within Field Enclosures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1050 %A Luoma, J. A. %A Weber, K. L. %A Severson, T. J. %A D. A. Mayer %K biology %XA mobile bioassay trailer was used to assess the efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) spray dried powder (SDP) formulation for controlling zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) from two midwestern lakes: Lake Carlos (Alexandria, Minnesota) and Shawano Lake (Shawano, Wisconsin). The effects of SDP exposure concentration and exposure duration on zebra mussel survival were evaluated along with the evaluation of a benthic injection application technique to reduce the amount of SDP required to induce zebra mortality.
Groups of zebra mussels were collected from each lake and allowed to adhere to test substrates for at least 15 days before exposure to SDP. Two independent trials were completed at each lake: (1) a whole water column (WWC) application trial was used to evaluate the effects of SDP exposure concentration and exposure duration on zebra mussel survival; and (2) a benthic injection (BI) application trial in which the SDP was injected into the test tanks to determine the efficacy of a benthic injection application technique to reduce the amount of SDP required to induced zebra mussel mortality. Three exposure durations (6, 9, and 12 hours) were evaluated in the WWC trials and a 12-hour exposure duration was evaluated in the BI trials. All trials contained zebra mussels which were removed at the completion of each exposure duration, consolidated into wire mesh cages, and held in the lake for approximately 30 days before being assessed for survival.
For all trials, treatment was assigned to each test tank according to a randomized block design (n = 3 test tanks per treatment). The treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) a group that received an application of 50 milligrams of SDP per liter (mg SDP/L), and (3) a group that received an application of 100 mg SDP/L. During the BI trials, SDP was administered to achieve the desired exposure concentration in the bottom 50 percent (175 L) of the test tank. All exposure concentrations are reported as active ingredient.
Approximately 30 days after exposure, zebra mussels were sorted into live and dead, and enumerated. Mean survival of zebra mussels in control treatments exceeded 95 percent. Mean survival of zebra mussels in the Lake Carlos WWC SDP-treated groups ranged from 0.5 to 2.1 percent and when compared at the same exposure duration, no difference was detected in survival between the 50 and 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) treatment groups. Similarly, mean survival of zebra mussels in the Shawano Lake WWC SDP-treated groups ranged from 2.0 to 12.6 percent and when compared at the same exposure duration, no difference was detected in survival between the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups. Mean survival of zebra mussels in the Lake Carlos BI trial SDP-treated groups did not differ (p = 0.93) and was 18.1 and 18.0 percent in the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups, respectively. Mean survival of zebra mussels in the Shawano Lake BI trial SDP-treated groups differed (p < 0.01) and was 2.9 and 0.9 percent in the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups, respectively. Survival of zebra mussels assigned to the SDP-treated groups in the Lake Carlos WWC trial (12-hour exposure duration) differed from the survival of zebra mussels assigned to the SDP-treated groups in the Lake Carlos BI trial; however, after modification of the BI application technique, no difference (p = 0.22) was detected between the survival of zebra mussel in the Shawano Lake WWC (12-hour exposure duration) and BI trials.
%C Washington, D. C %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151050 %R 10.3133/ofr20151050 %0 Report %D 2015 %T Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A Spray Dried Powder for Controlling Zebra Mussels Adhering to Native Unionid Mussels within Field Enclosures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1050 %A Luoma, J. A. %A Weber, K. L. %A Severson, T. J. %A D. A. Mayer %Y New York State Museum %K biology %XThe efficacy of a commercially prepared spray dried powder (SDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) was evaluated for removing zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) adhering to a population of unionid mussels in Lake Darling (Alexandria, Minnesota). Two groups of unionid mussels were used in the study. Unionid mussels were collected near the test area, weighed, photographed, individually tagged, and randomly allocated to one of nine test enclosures in equal proportions and then divided into two groups. The first group of unionid mussels (Group 1, n = 5 per test enclosure) were indiscriminately selected from each test enclosure and used to estimate the number of zebra mussels adhering to unionid mussels prior to exposure. The second group of unionid mussels (Group 2, n = 22 per test enclosure) were used to evaluate the efficacy of SDP for removal of adhering zebra mussels. Both Group 1 and Group 2 mussels were used to evaluate the effects of SDP exposure on unionid mussel survival.
Treatment was assigned to each test enclosure by using a randomized block design. The three treatment groups were tested in triplicate and included an untreated control group and groups that received a single application of 50 or 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of SDP based on active ingredient. All treatment concentrations are reported as active ingredient of SDP. Test enclosures were removed at the 8-hour exposure termination. Both Group 1 and Group 2 mussels remained in their assigned exposure location during the postexposure holding period. The number of zebra mussels adhering to Group 2 mussels (live and dead) was assessed 18 to 20 days postexposure in addition to assessing the survival of Group 1 and Group 2 unionid mussels.
SDP, administered as a single treatment, significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the number of adhering zebra mussels when compared to the untreated controls. The number of zebra mussels adhering to unionid mussels (Group 2) was reduced 53 percent in the 50-mg/L treatment group and 68 percent in the 100-mg/L treatment group. The number of adhering zebra mussels did not differ (p = 0.79) between the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups after exposure. When standardized to the amount of SDP applied per square meter, each gram (g) of SDP applied in the 50-mg/L treatment reduced the number of adhering zebra mussel 59.8 percent more than the 100-mg/L treatment group.
Group 1 mussel survival did not differ between treatment groups (p > 0.05); however, a difference was detected (p < 0.01) in the survival of Group 2 mussels. The survival of Group 2 mussels did not differ (p > 0.23) between control and treated groups. A difference in Group 2 mussel survival was detected (p = 0.03; odds ratio [OR] = 0.290) between the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups (that is, the survival was highest in the 50-mg/L treatment group and lowest in the 100-mg/L treatment group), however, the biological significance of the difference is indeterminate.
%I United States Geological Survey %C Washington, D. C %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151051 %R 10.3133/ofr20151051 %0 Report %D 2015 %T Efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain CL145A Spray Dried Powder for Controlling Zebra Mussels Adhering to Native Unionid Mussels Within Field Enclosures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1051 %A Luoma, J. A. %A Severson, T. J. %A Weber, K. L. %A D. A. Mayer %K biology %XThe efficacy of a commercially prepared spray dried powder (SDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) was evaluated for removing zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) adhering to a population of unionid mussels in Lake Darling (Alexandria, Minnesota). Two groups of unionid mussels were used in the study. Unionid mussels were collected near the test area, weighed, photographed, individually tagged, and randomly allocated to one of nine test enclosures in equal proportions and then divided into two groups. The first group of unionid mussels (Group 1, n = 5 per test enclosure) were indiscriminately selected from each test enclosure and used to estimate the number of zebra mussels adhering to unionid mussels prior to exposure. The second group of unionid mussels (Group 2, n = 22 per test enclosure) were used to evaluate the efficacy of SDP for removal of adhering zebra mussels. Both Group 1 and Group 2 mussels were used to evaluate the effects of SDP exposure on unionid mussel survival.
Treatment was assigned to each test enclosure by using a randomized block design. The three treatment groups were tested in triplicate and included an untreated control group and groups that received a single application of 50 or 100 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of SDP based on active ingredient. All treatment concentrations are reported as active ingredient of SDP. Test enclosures were removed at the 8-hour exposure termination. Both Group 1 and Group 2 mussels remained in their assigned exposure location during the postexposure holding period. The number of zebra mussels adhering to Group 2 mussels (live and dead) was assessed 18 to 20 days postexposure in addition to assessing the survival of Group 1 and Group 2 unionid mussels.
SDP, administered as a single treatment, significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the number of adhering zebra mussels when compared to the untreated controls. The number of zebra mussels adhering to unionid mussels (Group 2) was reduced 53 percent in the 50-mg/L treatment group and 68 percent in the 100-mg/L treatment group. The number of adhering zebra mussels did not differ (p = 0.79) between the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups after exposure. When standardized to the amount of SDP applied per square meter, each gram (g) of SDP applied in the 50-mg/L treatment reduced the number of adhering zebra mussel 59.8 percent more than the 100-mg/L treatment group.
Group 1 mussel survival did not differ between treatment groups (p > 0.05); however, a difference was detected (p < 0.01) in the survival of Group 2 mussels. The survival of Group 2 mussels did not differ (p > 0.23) between control and treated groups. A difference in Group 2 mussel survival was detected (p = 0.03; odds ratio [OR] = 0.290) between the 50- and 100-mg/L treatment groups (that is, the survival was highest in the 50-mg/L treatment group and lowest in the 100-mg/L treatment group), however, the biological significance of the difference is indeterminate.
%C Washington, D. C %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151051 %R 10.3133/ofr20151051 %0 Report %D 2015 %T Exposure-related Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on Juvenile Unionid Mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1066 %A Weber, K. L. %A Luoma, J. A. %A D. A. Mayer %A Aloisi, D. B. %A Eckert, N. L. %K biology %XThe exposure-related effects of a commercially prepared spray-dried powder (SDP) or freeze-dried powder (FDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) on the survival of seven species of newly metamorphosed (<72 hours old) freshwater unionid mussels was evaluated. Forty unionid mussels of each species were randomly distributed to test chambers and each species independently exposed for 24 hours to a static dose of either SDP (four species: Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis higginsii, andLigumia recta) or FDP (three species: Obovaria olivaria, Actinonaias ligamentina, andMegalonaias nervosa).
Each test chamber was assigned to one of six treatment groups (n = four chambers per group) by using a randomized block design. The six treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) groups that received applications with nominal target active ingredient (AI) concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and (3) a group that received an application with a nominal target AI concentration of 300 mg/L of heat-deactivated test article (300 HD). After a 24-hour exposure period, water inflow to the test chambers was restored, and the unionid mussels were maintained for an additional 7 days before they were assessed for survival.
Mean survival of four unionid mussels species exposed to SDP varied among species and treatment groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The results indicate that exposure to SDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of L. siliquoidea and L. higginsii. Low mean survival in the L. recta control group (25.0 percent) indicates that results for L. recta should be interpreted with caution. Mean survival of the L. cardium was significantly lower in all treated groups (14.4 to 40.6 percent) compared to the control group (68.8 percent). These results indicate that further investigation on the impact of SDP-formulated P. fluorescens on L. recta and L. cardium is warranted.
Mean survival of three unionid mussels species exposed to FDP was not significantly different in the 50-, 100-, and 200-mg/L AI treatment groups and the 300 mg/L heat-deactivated treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Mean survival of O. olivaria and M. nervosa was significantly lower in the 300-mg/L AI treated groups (38.1 and 48.1 percent, respectively) compared to the control groups (71.9 and 88.1 percent, respectively). The results indicate that exposure to FDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of O. olivaria, A. ligamentina, and M. nervosa.
%I United States Geological Survey %C Washington, D.C %G eng %U http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20151066 %R 10.3133/ofr20151066 %0 Report %D 2015 %T Exposure-related Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf-CL145A) on Juvenile Unionid Mussels: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015–1066 %A Weber, K. L. %A Luoma, J. A. %A D. A. Mayer %A Aloisi, D. B. %A Eckert, N. L. %K biology %XThe exposure-related effects of a commercially prepared spray-dried powder (SDP) or freeze-dried powder (FDP) formulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (strain CL145A) on the survival of seven species of newly metamorphosed (<72 hours old) freshwater unionid mussels was evaluated. Forty unionid mussels of each species were randomly distributed to test chambers and each species independently exposed for 24 hours to a static dose of either SDP (four species: Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis siliquoidea, Lampsilis higginsii, and Ligumia recta) or FDP (three species: Obovaria olivaria, Actinonaias ligamentina, and Megalonaias nervosa).
Each test chamber was assigned to one of six treatment groups (n = four chambers per group) by using a randomized block design. The six treatment groups included (1) an untreated control group, (2) groups that received applications with nominal target active ingredient (AI) concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 milligrams per liter (mg/L), and (3) a group that received an application with a nominal target AI concentration of 300 mg/L of heat-deactivated test article (300 HD). After a 24-hour exposure period, water inflow to the test chambers was restored, and the unionid mussels were maintained for an additional 7 days before they were assessed for survival.
Mean survival of four unionid mussels species exposed to SDP varied among species and treatment groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The results indicate that exposure to SDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of L. siliquoidea and L. higginsii. Low mean survival in the L. recta control group (25.0 percent) indicates that results for L. recta should be interpreted with caution. Mean survival of the L. cardium was significantly lower in all treated groups (14.4 to 40.6 percent) compared to the control group (68.8 percent). These results indicate that further investigation on the impact of SDP-formulated P. fluorescens on L. recta and L. cardium is warranted.
Mean survival of three unionid mussels species exposed to FDP was not significantly different in the 50-, 100-, and 200-mg/L AI treatment groups and the 300 mg/L heat-deactivated treatment groups when compared to the control groups. Mean survival of O. olivaria and M. nervosa was significantly lower in the 300-mg/L AI treated groups (38.1 and 48.1 percent, respectively) compared to the control groups (71.9 and 88.1 percent, respectively). The results indicate that exposure to FDP-formulated P. fluorescens up to the maximum label concentration (100 mg/L AI) and up to three times the maximum label exposure duration (8 hours) is not likely to affect the survival of O. olivaria, A. ligamentina, and M. nervosa.
%C Washington, D.C %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151066 %R 10.3133/ofr20151066 %0 Book Section %B Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins %D 2015 %T Evolutionary History of Venom Glands in the Siluriformes %A J. J Wright %E Gopalakrishnakone, p. %E Malhotra, A. %K Catfish %K Crinotoxins %K Defense %K Epidermal %K Proteins %XThe order Siluriformes represents a hyperdiverse group of fishes (>3,000 currently recognized species), which has been known to contain venomous species diversity for over 250 years. In spite of this historical knowledge, scientific examinations of the basic characteristics and evolutionary history of these species’ venom glands, and their products, have been extremely sparse compared to those of terrestrial venomous organisms, or even venomous fishes in general. Here, the current state of knowledge regarding the venom glands of catfishes and their products is examined in a review of morphological, pharmacological, and chemical studies of these structures. Several hypotheses regarding the evolution of siluriform venom glands are able to be drawn from the information contained in these studies as well as the limited work that has attempted to study the evolution of these structures in detail. These include selective scenarios to explain the secondary losses of venom glands in several catfish species and families, compositional variation in siluriform venom chemistry, and the derivation of venom glands from secretory cells of the epidermis. Future work directly addressing multiple issues of venom production and composition in catfishes is necessary before investigations of the evolution of siluriform venoms and delivery structures can reach the levels of detail and sophistication seen in other venomous groups. These studies will benefit greatly from the advent of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic methods, which have seen wide use in examinations of venoms produced by other taxa, but have yet to be widely applied to analyses of piscine venoms.
%B Evolution of Venomous Animals and Their Toxins %I Springer %P 1-19 %G eng %U http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-6727-0_9-1 %R 10.1007/978-94-007-6727-0_9-1 %0 Book Section %B Memoire et Memorialisation Volume 1 %D 2013 %T Exposer les vestiges: du sacre a lhistorique %A Schaming, M. A. %E Pechanski, D. %K history %B Memoire et Memorialisation Volume 1 %I Herman Editions %C Paris, France %P 243-254 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Northeast Anthropology %D 2012 %T European Trade Goods at the Ripley Site: Implications for Interaction Networks and Chronology %A P. B. Drooker %K anthropology %B Northeast Anthropology %V 77-78 %P 89-138 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Boreas %D 2012 %T Exploring Till Bed Kinematics Using AMS Magnetic Fabrics and Pebble Fabrics: The Weedsport Drumlin Field, New York State, USA %A Gentoso, M. J. %A Evenson, E. B. %A Kodama, K. P. %A Iverson, N. R. %A Alley, R. B. %A Berti , C. %A A. L. Kozlowski %K Basal tills %K Drumlins %K glacial geology %K Magnetic susceptibility %K New York %K till fabrics %XThick, relatively homogeneous basal tills exposed in the drumlins and flutes of the Weedsport drumlin and flute field in New York State exhibit anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and pebble fabrics that are consistently oriented parallel to the streamlined bedforms. The pebble fabrics and AMS fabrics are concordant. In this study, six drumlins and five flutes were sampled. Thermally induced, incremental reduction of isothermal remanent magnetization indicates that AMS is caused by primarily elongate maghaemite grains. The orientations of principal axes of maximum susceptibility (k1) are generally parallel to pebble long-axis orientations, and tend to plunge mildly up-glacier. Fabric directions are generally parallel to drumlin long-axis orientations, but deviate by 12°–23° from flute directions. Fabrics of the flutes are stronger and more unidirectional than those of the drumlins. These results support the use of AMS as a fast and objective method for characterizing fabrics in tills, and suggest hypotheses about basal processes linked to glacially streamlined landforms.
A basic premise of archaeology is that the more frequently two human populations interacted with one another the more similar was their material culture. A corollary of this is that the closer two human populations are to one another geographically, the more frequently they will interact. This corollary has been expressed in the archaeological study of northern Iroquoia since the 1950s on the basis of historical ethnic territories. The expectation has been that after ca. A.D. 1000 to 1300 there was more interaction between village populations within these historical territories than between village populations located in different historical territories. Here I test this corollary with pottery decoration data from 114 northern Iroquoian village sites dating from c. A.D. 1350 to 1640. Results indicate that geographic distance has little effect on pottery assemblage similarity.
%B Journal of Archaeological Science %V 39 %P 128-134 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.010 %R 10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.010 %0 Book Section %B The Great American Carbonate Bank: The Geology and Economic Resources of the Cambrian %D 2012 %T Extended Abstract--The Great American Carbonate Bank in Eastern Laurentia: Its Births, Deaths, and Linkage to Paleooceanic Oxygenation (Early Cambrian) %A E. Landing %E Derby, J. R. %E Fritz, R. D. %E Longacre, S. A. %E Morgan, W. A. %E Sternbach, C. A. %K geology %B The Great American Carbonate Bank: The Geology and Economic Resources of the Cambrian %S Memoir %I American Association of Petroleum Geologists %C Tulsa, Oklahoma %P 253a-260a %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/13331651M983502 %R 10.1306/13331651M983502 %0 Journal Article %J Acta Chiropterologica %D 2011 %T Emergence Time and Foraging Activity in Pallas' Mastiff Bat, Molossus molossus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Relation to Sunset/Sunrise and Phase of the Moon %A Holland, R. A. %A Meyer, C. F. J. %A Kalko, E. K. V. %A R. W. Kays %A M. Wikelski %K biology %B Acta Chiropterologica %V 13 %P 399-404 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811011X624875 %0 Journal Article %J Acta Oecologica %D 2011 %T The Effect of Feeding Time on Dispersal of Virola Seeds by Toucans Determined from GPS Tracking and Accelerometers %A R. W. Kays %A Jansen, P. A. %A Knecht, E. M. H. %A Vohwinkel, R. %A M. Wikelski %K biology %B Acta Oecologica %V 37 %P 625-631 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.06.007 %0 Journal Article %J Geology %D 2010 %T Enriched Grenvillian Lithospheric Mantle as a Consequence of Long-lived Subduction Beneath Laurentia %A J. R. Chiarenzelli %A M. V. Lupulescu %A Cousens, B. %A Thern, E. %A Coffin, L. %A Regan, S. %K Adirondack Lowlands %K Geochemistry %K geochronology %K lithospheric mantle %XGeochemical and Nd isotopic data from mafic and newly discovered ultramafic rocks in the Adirondack Lowlands suggest widespread enrichment of the lithospheric mantle under the Grenville Province. Incompatible element abundances and previously published Hf TDM (zircon) (depleted mantle model age) and Nd TDM ages from rocks of the anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite suite in the Adirondack Highlands document similar enrichment in the lower crust and its strong influence on subsequent magmatic events throughout the Ontario-Quebec-Adirondack segment of the Grenville Province. Likely the consequence of long-lived (ca. 1.4–1.2 Ga) northwest-directed subduction along the southeast edge of Laurentia (previously proposed Andean margin), this enrichment is similar to that associated with the vast (>240,000 km2) ultrapotassic province of the western Churchill Province. Enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath orogenic belts is a predictable and important differentiation process that has operated on Earth for at least the past 3 b.y.
%B Geology %V 38 %P 151-154 %G eng %U http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/38/2/151.abstract %R 10.1130/G30342.1 %0 Magazine Article %D 2010 %T Eastern Coyote What Is It? Where Did It Come From? %A R. W. Kays %K biology %B Pennsylvania Game News %V 81 %P 18-21 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology %D 2010 %T Early Ordovician Community Evolution with Eustatic Change Through the Middle Beekmantown Group, Northeast Laurentia %A Kroger, B. %A E. Landing %K Beekmantown Group %K Laurentia %K Ordovician Radiation %K Palaeodiversity %XThe Beekmantown Group records the important early interval of the Ordovician Radiation. This Upper Cambrian–Middle Ordovician, carbonate-dominated, tropical succession was deposited near the eastern passive margin of the Laurentian platform. This depositional setting remained remarkably stable although the craton was flooded repeatedly with eustatic rises and unconformity-bound, macroscale sedimentary cycles were deposited as successive geological formations. The individual depositional cycles (i.e., formations) show a nearly identical vertical succession with a type 1 sequence boundary, a basal conglomerate, transgressive sandstones, locally a subtidal shale-dominated unit that marks the deepest facies, and a highstand carbonate facies with thrombolite buildups in its middle part. The thrombolitic buildups of each depositional cycle contain a mollusc-dominated macrofauna that changed remarkably from cycle to cycle. In the limestones of the Upper Cambrian Ritchie and Rathbunville School members, the macrofauna is very rare and of low diversity. By comparison, the absolute abundance of macrofossils is high throughout the Lower Ordovician thrombolitic limestones. The genus-level diversity of brachiopods, trilobites, gastropods, and cephalopods increased moderately during the three Lower Ordovician depositional sequences. Dramatic changes in cephalopod disparity, body size, and biomass indicate significant paleoecological changes at the top of the ecosystem food chains, and are an indication of community evolution and intrinsic evolutionary processes. Increased coiling and ornamentation in cephalopods and an increasing number of large gastropod genera with thick shells indicate an escalation among predators. We interpret these changes as evidence for a rise in competition within ecological guilds by a continuing increase in internal differentiation of the food web. Increased organismal interaction and the differentiation of the food web (i.e., community evolution) are regarded as a major driving mechanism early in the Ordovician Radiation.
%B Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology %V 294 %P 174-188 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.025 %R 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.025 %0 Book Section %B Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology %D 2010 %T Encounters with Postcolonialism in Irish Archaeology %A Orser, C. E. %E Lydon, J. %E Rizvi, U. %K anthropology %B Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology %I Left Coast Press %C Walnut Creek, California %P 199-214 %G eng %U https://books.google.com/books?id=PtLK1HXVlcwC&lpg=PA199&ots=t_68NrWh8h&dq=Encounters%20with%20Postcolonialism%20in%20Irish%20Archaeology&lr&pg=PA199#v=onepage&q=Encounters%20with%20Postcolonialism%20in%20Irish%20Archaeology&f=false %0 Journal Article %J Systematic Entomology %D 2010 %T Evolution of Delphacidae (Hemiptera:Fulgoroidea): Combined-Evidence Phylogenetics Reveals Importance of Grass Host Shifts %A J. M. Urban %A Bartlett, C. R. %A J. R. Cryan %K Delphacidae %K phloem-feeding insects %K Phylogenetics %K planthopper %K taxonomy %XThe planthopper family Delphacidae is a speciose lineage of phloem-feeding insects, with many species considered as pests of economic significance on essential world food commodities (including rice, maize, wheat, barley and sugar cane). Despite their economic importance, evolutionary relationships among delphacids, particularly those within the speciose tribe Delphacini, are largely unknown. Presented here are the results of a phylogenetic investigation of Delphacidae based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from four genetic loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, wingless and cytochrome oxidase I) and 132 coded morphological characters. The resulting topologies are used to test the higher classification of Delphacidae and to examine evolutionary patterns in host–plant associations. Our results generally support the higher classifications of Delphacidae proposed by Asche, Emeljanov and Hamilton, and suggest that the rapid diversification of the Delphacini was associated with host shifts to, and within, Poaceae, and specifically from C3 to C4 grasses.
Current global warming affects the composition and dynamics of mammalian communities and can increase extinction risk; however, long-term effects of warming on mammals are less understood. Dietary reconstructions inferred from stable isotopes of fossil herbivorous mammalian tooth enamel document environmental and climatic changes in ancient ecosystems, including C3/C4 transitions and relative seasonality.
Here, we use stable carbon and oxygen isotopes preserved in fossil teeth to document the magnitude of mammalian dietary shifts and ancient floral change during geologically documented glacial and interglacial periods during the Pliocene (~1.9 million years ago) and Pleistocene (~1.3 million years ago) in Florida. Stable isotope data demonstrate increased aridity, increased C4 grass consumption, inter-faunal dietary partitioning, increased isotopic niche breadth of mixed feeders, niche partitioning of phylogenetically similar taxa, and differences in relative seasonality with warming.
The discovery of a fossiliferous interval (Altona Formation, new unit) under the Potsdam Formation requires a new geological synthesis of a large part of the northeast Laurentian craton. Potsdam sandstones can no longer be regarded as the oldest sedimentary unit on the middle Proterozoic Grenville orogen in northern New York and adjacent Quebec and Ontario. The thickest Potsdam sections (to 750 m) in the east Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen have been explained by deposition with normal faulting possibly associated with Ediacaran rifting (c. 570 Ma) that led to formation of the Iapetus Ocean. However, sparse trilobite faunas show a terminal early Cambrian–middle middle Cambrian age of the Altona, and indicate much later marine transgression (c. 510 Ma) of the northeast Laurentian craton. Altona deposition was followed by rapid accumulation of lower Potsdam (Ausable Member) sandstone in the middle–late middle Cambrian. The Altona–Ausable succession is probably conformable. The Altona is a lower transgressive systems tract unit deposited on the inner shelf (sandstone, reddish mudstone, and carbonates) followed by aggradation and the deposition of highstand systems tract, current cross-bedded, in part terrestrial(?), feldspathic Ausable sandstone. Unexpectedly late Altona transgression and rapid Ausable deposition may reflect renewed subsidence in the Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen with coeval (terminal early Cambrian) faulting that formed the anoxic Franklin Basin on the Vermont platform. Thus, the oldest cover units on the northeast New York–Quebec craton record late stages in a cooling history near an Ediacaran triple junction defined by the Quebec Reentrant and New York Promontory and the Ottawa–Bonnechere aulocogen.
%B Geological Magazine %V 146 %P 552-566 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756809006013 %R 10.1017/S0016756809006013 %0 Magazine Article %D 2009 %T Evolution, Environments, and the Earliest Squid Relatives %A E. Landing %K paleontology %B Legacy: The Magazine of the New York State Museum %V 4 %P 7, 15 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia %D 2009 %T Early European Settlement in the Northeast %A C. B. Rieth %E F. P. McManamon %E Cordell, L. S. %E Lightfoot, K. G. %E Milner, G. %K anthropology %B Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia %I Greenwood Press %C Westport, Connecticut %P 25-28 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution %D 2009 %T Entomologically Famous, Evolutionarily Unexplored: The First Phylogeny of the Lanternfly Family Fulgoridae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) %A J. M. Urban %A J. R. Cryan %K Biogeography %K Fulgoridae %K Lanternflies %K phylogeny %K Planthoppers %XLanternflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) are frequently used as examples of unusual morphological evolution, with some species (such as the peanut-headed bug, Fulgora laternaria Linnaeus) also ubiquitously cited as icons of tropical insect biodiversity. Despite that entomological notoriety, the phylogeny of this charismatic planthopper family has never before been studied. Presented here are the results of a phylogenetic investigation of Fulgoridae based on DNA nucleotide sequence data from five genetic loci (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, histone 3, wingless, and cytochrome oxidase I). The resulting topologies are used to test the higher classification of Fulgoridae, which is based primarily on characters associated with the curious head morphology of many included species. Analyses include a taxonomic sample of 69 fulgorid species representing 46 (of 110) genera, 10 (of 11) tribes, and all 8 currently recognized subfamilies. Results of this study: (1) demonstrate the need for a revised classification of Fulgoridae, particularly at the higher taxonomic levels; (2) suggest that the genus Zanna is excluded from a monophyletic Fulgoridae; (3) indicate that there have been multiple losses of the extended head process across fulgorid evolution, with what appears to be convergence (in shape and/or loss) in distantly related lineages; and (4) suggest two alternative biogeographic hypotheses to explain the distribution of extant Fulgoridae, with either an Old World origin and a single subsequent colonization of the New World, or a contemporaneous diversification of Old and New World lineages.
%B Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution %V 50 %P 471-484 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004 %R 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.004 %0 Journal Article %J Edentata %D 2009 %T Evidence for Three-Toed Sloth (Bradypus variegatus) Predation by Spectacled Owl (Pulsatrix perspicillata) %A Voirin, J. B. %A R. W. Kays %A Lowman, M. D. %A M. Wikelski %K BCI %K Panama %K predation %K radio-telemetry %K risk behavior %K sloth %XWe detected the nighttime death of a radio-collared three-toed sloth (Bradypus variegatus) with an automated radio telemetry system in a Panamanian moist forest. Forensic evidence collected at the fresh carcass, including five pairs of zygodactyl puncture wounds, and the consumption of only soft tissue, suggests that the predator was a large owl, probably Pulsatrix perspicillata. Telemetry data, feces in the sloths' rectum, and old sloth feces at the base of the tree near the carcass suggest that the sloth was descending to the ground to defecate when it was killed. If correct, this is the first record of P. perspicillata killing such a large prey, highlighting the importance of crypsis, and not self-defense, as sloths' anti-predator strategy. This event also suggests there are high risks for sloths climbing to the ground to defecate, a puzzling behavior with no clear evolutionary advantage discovered yet.
%B Edentata %V 8-10 %P 15-20 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1896/020.010.0113 %R 10.1896/020.010.0113 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Biogeography %D 2008 %T Environmental Influences on Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Body-size Variation in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) %A Blois, J.L. %A R. S. Feranec %A Hadly, E.A. %K Bergmann’s rule %K body size %K California ground squirrel %K climate change %K last glacial maximum %K North America;precipitation %K Spermophilus beecheyi %XAim In order to understand how ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) may respond to future environmental change, we investigated five biotic and environmental factors potentially responsible for explaining body-size variation in this species across California. We examined the concordance of spatial patterns with temporal body-size change since the last glacial maximum (LGM).
Location California, western North America.
Methods We quantified body size of modern populations of ground squirrels (n = 81) and used a model-selection approach to determine the best variables (sex, vegetation, number of congeners, temperature and/or precipitation) explaining geographical variation in body size among modern populations. We also quantified body size of one fossil population in northern California (n = 39) and compared temporal body-size change in S. beecheyi at this location since the LGM with model predictions.
Results Body size of modern populations conformed to Bergmann’s rule, with larger individuals in northern (wetter and cooler) portions of California. However, the models suggest that precipitation, rather than temperature or other variables, may best explain variation in body size across modern spatial gradients. Our conclusion is supported by the temporal data, demonstrating that the body size of S. beecheyi has increased in northern California since the LGM, concordant with precipitation but not temperature change in the region.
Main conclusions Precipitation, rather than temperature, vegetation or number of congeneric species, was the main factor explaining both spatial and temporal patterns of body-size variation in S. beecheyi. The integration of space and time provides a powerful mechanism for predicting how local populations may respond to current and future climatic changes.
Excavations were recently conducted at the Schoharie Creek II site in Schoharie County, New York as part of a state and federally funded highway project. This work revealed stratified soils that produced artifacts dating to the Early Woodland period (ca. 1000 B.C. - A.D. 100). The data derived during this excavation provide insights into the settlement, and land use practices of these hunter-gatherer populations and their interaction with other groups in eastern New York. This information is important to understanding the prehistory of the Schoharie Valley and eastern New York.
%B Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology %V 24 %P 153-166 %G eng %U https://www.academia.edu/715598/Early_Woodland_Settlement_and_Land_Use_in_Eastern_New_York %0 Journal Article %J Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology %D 2008 %T Earth's Oldest Liverworts--Metzgeriothallus sharonae sp. nov. from the Middle Devonian (Givetian) of Eastern New York %A L. VanAller Hernick %A E. Landing %A Bartowski, K. E. %K liverworts; taphonomy; preservation; Devonian; New York; Metzgeriothallus sharonae n. sp %XLiverworts are generally regarded as rare elements in Palaeozoic floral assemblages. However, a focus on dark gray to black shales and siltstones in the Middle–Late Devonian Catskill Delta of eastern New York shows that liverworts are locally quite common as well-preserved, apparently parautochthonous specimens in thin, lenticular, dark gray–black shale and siltstone lenses. These lenses are either dysoxic–anoxic lacustrine or estuarine facies deposited under oxygen-stratified water masses or rapidly deposited flood plain deposits that were not oxidized after deposition. Carbonized remains of the upper Middle Devonian (Givetian) liverwort Metzgeriothallus sharonae sp. nov. are locally common in these lenses. Well-preserved thalli (gametophytes) are only evident by projecting polarized light on the shale and siltstone surfaces. An associated sporophyte capsule is the first evidence of a reproductive structure in a Devonian liverwort. Metzgeriothallus sharonae sp. nov. is the oldest known liverwort. The age of the new species helps recalibrate chloroplast DNA studies that have led to proposals of the timing of liverwort diversification by showing that the evolutionary separations of the Jungermanniopsida and Marchantiopsida and of the Metzgeriidae and Jungermanniidae [previously thought to be Late Devonian and Late Carboniferous, respectively] were no younger than late Middle Devonian.
%B Review of Palaeobotany & Palynology %V 148 %P 154-162 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.09.002 %R 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2007.09.002 %0 Magazine Article %D 2007 %T Excavations at Fort Edward %A N. L. Davis %K Cultural Resources %B Society for Historical Archaeology Newsletter %V 40 %P 20-21 %G eng %0 Magazine Article %D 2007 %T Excavations at Fort Edward %A N. L. Davis %K Cultural Resources %B Council for Northeast Historical Archaeology Newsletter %V March %P 13-14 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Evolutionary Ecology Research %D 2007 %T Ecological Generalization During Adaptive Radiation: Evidence from Neogene Mammals %A R. S. Feranec %K adaptive radiation %K Diet %K habitat %K hypsodonty %K key adaptation %K Mammal %K niche breadth %K Ungulata %XQuestion: How does the evolution of a key adaptation affect niche breadth during an adaptive radiation?
Organisms: Cenozoic horse and camel species, as well as Pleistocene ungulates.
Predictions: Niche breadth theoretically could increase, decrease or remain the same as attainment of a key adaptation facilitates a niche shift. Simpson predicted a decrease in niche breadth (ecological specialization) when key adaptations lead to adaptive radiations. I test Simpson’s prediction by examining ecological response to attainment of high-crowned teeth (hypsodonty). The evolution of hyposdonty represents a key adaptation involved in many ungulate adaptive radiations.
Methods: To test whether hypsodont ungulates have potentially wider or narrower niche breadth in respect to their non-hypsodont, pre-adaptive radiation ancestors, I analysed δ13C values in the tooth enamel of Pleistocene ungulates as a proxy for dietary breadth. For Cenozoic horses and camels, I measured the total number of biogeographic provinces and the total number of fossil localities in which individual taxa were found to assess breadth of habitat use. I considered these two parameters (dietary breadth and habitat breadth) as two major niche axes from which I qualitatively estimated niche breadth. I also compared taxon survival between low-crowned and high-crowned taxa, reasoning that if high-crowned taxa had less broad niches, their probability of extinction should be higher and their temporal duration shorter.
Results: The δ13C values of herbivores from the Pleistocene of Florida revealed that high-crowned taxa fed on a diet of both C3 and C4 forage, while low-crowned taxa confined their feeding to C3 plants. In the Cenozoic horse and camel clades, there was no statistically significant difference between high-crowned and low-crowned taxa in the number of biogeographic provinces or localities occupied. Nor were there significant differences between high-crowned and low-crowned taxa in the duration of time a particular species survived.
Conclusions: Simpson’s prediction that key adaptations that lead to adaptive radiation also result in decreased niche breadth is not supported in the case of the evolution of hypsodonty by the ungulates. Instead, the attainment of hypsodonty in these taxa broadened niche space along one of the studied axes (dietary variety) and had no discernible effect on the other (habitat occupancy).
%B Evolutionary Ecology Research %V 9 %P 555-577 %G eng %U http://www.evolutionary-ecology.com/abstracts/v09/2114.html %0 Journal Article %J American Antiquity %D 2007 %T Extending the Phytolith Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and Squash (Cucurbita sp.) in Central New York %A J. P. Hart %A H. J. Brumbach %A Lusteck, R. %K AMS dating %K cucurbit; Cucurbita pepo %K maize %K phytolith cooking residues %K Zea mays ssp. maize %XThe timing of the adoptions of maize and squash across eastern North America has been a topic of long-standing interest among archaeologists and paleoethnobotanists. The use of flotation for macrobotanical remains beginning in the 1960s and 1970s coupled with the application of accelerator mass spectrometry dating beginning in the 1980s has led to substantial revisions of knowledge about the history of these crops in the region. A complementary source of evidence for the crops histories in the eastern North America comes from opal phytoliths. Analysis of phytolith assemblages recovered from charred food residues has shown that maize and squash were being used in central New York well before the macrobotanical record indicates. In combination with previously analyzed samples, 16 additional residue assemblages help to clarify the history of maize and squash in central New York. The results indicate that maize and squash were being used in New York by 2270 B.P and 2945 B.P, respectively.
%B American Antiquity %V 72 %P 563-583 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035861 %R 10.2307/40035861 %0 Journal Article %J Rocks & Minerals %D 2007 %T Ellenville, New York, A Classic Locality %A M. Hawkins %K Ellenville %K minerals %K New York %XThe origins of the mines in the Ellenville area, like so many of the mines of early America, have been lost in the fog of time. Local legends have the mines variously attributed to the Dutch, the Spanish (remnants of Ponce de Leon’s party searching for the fountain of youth), American Indians, or aliens in UFOs seeking to extract energy from the quartz crystals deep within the Shawangunk Mountains.
Today, all that remains of the famous Ellenville mines are a few tailings piles, collapsed mine shafts, and broken-down building foundations, but during the glory years of the nineteenth century these mines produced the world-class specimens of quartz and chalcopyrite that reside in museums and private collections around the globe.
%B Rocks & Minerals %V 82 %P 508-515 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/RMIN.82.6.508-515 %R 10.3200/RMIN.82.6.508-515 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 2007 %T Early Orthoceratoid Cephalopods from the Argentine Precordillera (Lower--Middle Ordovician) %A Kroeger, B. %A Beresi, M.S. %A E. Landing %K paleontology %B Journal of Paleontology %V 81 %P 1266-1283 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-013.1 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 2007 %T The Earliest Ordovician Cephalopods of Eastern Laurentia--Ellesmerocerids of the Tribes Hill Formation, Eastern New York %A Kroger, B. %A E. Landing %K paleontology %B Journal of Paleontology %V 81 %P 841-857 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/pleo05-166.1 %0 Book Section %B S.W. Ford Memorial Volume: Ediacaran-Ordovician of East Laurentia %D 2007 %T East Laurentia 2007-A Pre-meeting Statement %A E. Landing %E E. Landing %K geology paleontology %B S.W. Ford Memorial Volume: Ediacaran-Ordovician of East Laurentia %S New York State Museum Bulletin %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %P 3-4 %G eng %0 Book %B New York State Museum Bulletin %D 2007 %T Ediacaran-Ordovician of East Laurentia: S.W. Ford Memorial Volume %E E. Landing %K geology %B New York State Museum Bulletin %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %G eng %U http://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/publications/bulletin/510-16505.pdf %0 Book Section %B S.W. Ford Memorial Volume: Ediacaran-Ordovician of East Laurentia %D 2007 %T Ediacaran-Ordovician of East Laurentia-Geologic Setting and Controls on Deposition along the New York Promontory Region %A E. Landing %E E. Landing %K geology paleontology %B S.W. Ford Memorial Volume: Ediacaran-Ordovician of East Laurentia %S New York State Museum Bulletin %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %P 5-24 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Legacy: The Magazine of the New York State Museum %D 2007 %T The Empire State and the "Perculiar Institution" %A J. A. Lemak %K history %B Legacy: The Magazine of the New York State Museum %V 2 %P 10-13 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Estate Landscapes: Design, Improvement and Power in the Post-Medieval Landscape %D 2007 %T Estate Landscapes and the Cult of the Ruin: A Lesson of Spatial Transformation in Rural Ireland %A Orser, C.E. %E Finch, J. %E Giles, K. %K anthropology %B Estate Landscapes: Design, Improvement and Power in the Post-Medieval Landscape %I Boydell and Brewe %C Suffolk, England %P 77- 93 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History %D 2007 %T Eurypterus remipes and E. lacustris (Chelicerata: Eurypterida) from the Silurian of North America %A Tetlie, O.E. %A V. P. Tollerton Jr. %A S. J. Ciurca Jr. %K paleontology %B Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History %V 48 %P 139-152 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.3374/0079-032X(2007)48[139:ERAELC]2.0.CO;2 %0 Journal Article %J Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution %D 2007 %T Evolution of the Planthoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Fulgoroidea) %A J. M. Urban %A J. R. Cryan %K biology %B Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution %V 42 %P 556-572 %G eng %U https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790306003186 %R 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.08.009 %0 Book Section %B Encyclopedia of Anthropology %D 2006 %T E. E. Evans-Pritchard %A C. B. Rieth %E Birx, H. J. %K anthropology %B Encyclopedia of Anthropology %I SAGE Publications %C Thousand Oaks, California %P 875-876 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Encyclopedia of New York State %D 2005 %T Edward Lamson Henry %A Burch, R. J. %E Eisenstadt, P. %E L. E-. Moss %K history %B The Encyclopedia of New York State %I Syracuse University Press %C Syracuse, NY %P 708 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Encyclopedia of New York State %D 2005 %T Exotic Species %A R. W. Kays %A R. A. Daniels %A R. S. Mitchell %A D. P. Molloy %A C. A. Siegfried %E Eisenstadt, P. %E L. E-. Moss %K biology %B The Encyclopedia of New York State %I Syracuse University Press %C Syracuse, NY %P 538-539 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Earth-Science Reviews %D 2005 %T Early Paleozoic Avalon -- Gondwana Unity: An Obituary -- Response to 'Palaeontological Evidence Bearing on Global Ordovician-Silurian Continental Reconstructions' by R. R. Fortey and L. R. M. Cocks %A E. Landing %K geology paleontology %B Earth-Science Reviews %V 69 %P 169-175 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.10.002 %R 10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.10.002 %0 Book Section %B The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event %D 2004 %T Eurypterids, Phyllocarids, and Ostracodes %A Braddy, S. J. %A V. P. Tollerton Jr. %A Racheboeuf, P. R. %A Schallreuter, R. %E Webby, B. D. %E Paris, F. %E Droser, M.L. %E Percival, I.G. %K paleontology %B The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event %I Columbia University Press %C New York, New York %P 255-265 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Animal Conservation %D 2004 %T The Ecological Impact of Inside/Outside House Cats Around a Suburban Nature Preserve %A R. W. Kays %A DeWan, A. A. %K ferel cats %K house cats %K hunting %K wildlife impacts %XWhile subsidised populations of feral cats are known to impact their prey populations, little is known about the ecological impact of inside/outside hunting cats (IOHC). We studied IOHC around a suburban nature preserve. Mail surveys indicated an average of 0.275 IOHC/house, leading to a regional density estimate of 0.32 IOHC/ha. A geographical model of cat density was created based on local house density and distance from forest/neighbourhood edge. IOHC hunted mostly small mammals, averaging 1.67 prey brought home/cat/month and a kill rate of 13%. Predation rates based on kills brought home was lower than the estimate from observing hunting cats (5.54 kills/cat/month). IOHC spent most outside time in their or their immediate neighbours' garden/yard, or in the nearby forest edge; 80% of observed hunts occurred in a garden/yard or in the first 10 m of forest. Radio-tracked IOHC averaged 0.24 ha in home-range size (95% minimum convex polygon (MCP)) and rarely entered forest. Confirming this, scent stations detected cats more often near the edge and more cats were detected in smaller forest fragments. There was no relationship between the number of cats detected in an area and the local small mammal abundance or rodent seed predation rates. Cold weather and healthy cat predator populations are speculated to minimise the ecological impact of IOHC on this area.
Two poorly known Neotropical treehopper genera, Deiroderes Ramos and Holdgatiella Evans, are revised and redescribed based on adult morphology. The Caribbean genus Deiroderes (unplaced within the subfamily Stegaspidinae) has three valid species including D. inornatus, new species (Jamaica). The Neotropical genus Holdgatiella (currently unplaced within Membracidae) has two valid species including H. stria, new species (Venezuela). In addition, a previously unknown Caribbean genus is here described, Togotolania, new genus, with two species: T. longicorna, new species (Dominican Republic) and T. brachycorna, new species (Guadeloupe). All species included in these three genera are illustrated, and keys are given for the identification of adults.
%B Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington %V 104 %P 868-883 %G eng %U http://biostor.org/reference/55769 %0 Report %D 2002 %T End of Fieldwork Report, Data Recovery, NYSM 11165 Bailey Site & NYSM 11166 Thomas-Kahn Site, PIN 3037.56.121 NY 31 Over Seneca River in the Hamlet of Belgium, Towns of Clay (MCD 06703) and Lysander (MCD 06709), Onondaga County, New York %A Horton, B. %K Cultural Resources %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Report %D 2002 %T End of Fieldwork Report, For Addendum D Survey In the Vicinity of the NYSM 11166 Thomas-Kahn Site, Proposed Highway Widening, PIN 3037.56.121 NY 31Over Seneca RiverHamlet of Belgium, Towns of Clay and Lysander Onondaga County, New York %A Horton, B. %K Cultural Resources %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Report %D 2002 %T Early Paleozoic sea Levels and Climates: New Evidence from the East Laurentian Shelf and Slope %A E. Landing %E McLelland, J. %E Karabinos, P. %K geology paleontology %B Guidebook for Fieldtrips in New York and Vermont %C Lake George, New York %P C6-1-C6-22 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700-1300 %D 2002 %T Early Late Prehistoric Settlement: A View from Northcentral Pennsylvania %A C. B. Rieth %E J. P. Hart %E C. B. Rieth %K anthropology %B Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700-1300 %S New York State Museum Bulletin %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %P 135-152 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700-1300 %D 2002 %T Early Late Prehistoric Settlement and Subsistence Diversity in the Southern Tier of New York %A C. B. Rieth %E J. P. Hart %E C. B. Rieth %K anthropology %B Northeast Subsistence-Settlement Change: A.D. 700-1300 %S New York State Museum Bulletin %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %P 209-226 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution %D 2001 %T Evaluation of Relationships Within the Endemic Hawaiian Platynini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Evidence %A J. R. Cryan %A Liebherr, J. K. %A Fetzner, J. W. %A Whiting, M. F. %K 28S rDNA %K Biogeography %K Carabidae %K combined data analysis %K cytochrome b %K cytochrome oxidase II %K ground beetles %K Hawaii %K molecular phylogenetics %K Platynini %K wingless %XRelationships among 69 species of Hawaiian Platynini, a monophyletic beetle radiation, was investigated based on evidence from five data partitions, comprising mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences (cytochrome oxidase II, 624 bp; cytochrome b, 783 bp; 28S rDNA, 668 bp; wingless; 441 bp) and morphology (206 features of external and internal anatomy). Results from individual and combined data analyses generally support the monophyly of three putative divisions within Platynini in Hawaii: Division 0 (Colpocaccus species group), Division 1 (Blackburnia species group), and Division 2 (Metromenus species group). However, relationships within and among these three divisions differ from previous morphological hypotheses. An extensive series of sensitivity analyses was performed to assess robustness of recovered clades under a variety of weighted parsimony conditions. Sensitivity analyses support the monophyly of Divisions 0 and 1, but were equivocal for the monophyly of Division 2. A phylogeny based on combined data suggests at least four independent losses/reductions of platynine flight wings. The combined analysis provides corroboration for biogeographic hypotheses, including (1) colonization of Kauai by Hawaiian Platynini with subsequent dispersal and colonization along the island chain from Oahu to Maui Nui to Hawaii Island and (2) incongruent area relationships among Eastern Molokai, West Maui, and Haleakala for two species triplets.
%B Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution %V 21 %P 72-85 %G eng %U http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.0991 %R 10.1006/mpev.2001.0991 %0 Report %D 2001 %T Event and Sequence Stratigraphy and a New Synthesis of the Lower to Middle Devonian, Eastern Pennsylvania and Adjacent Areas %A C. A. Ver Straeten %E Inners, J.D. %E Fleeger, G.M. %K geology %B Delaware Water Gap %P 35-53 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J International Review of Hydrobiology %D 2000 %T Endosymbionts of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) in Belarus %A Karatayev, A. Y. %A Burlakova, L. E. %A D. P. Molloy %A Volkova, L. K. %K Conchophthirus acuminatus %K Dreissena polymorpha %K endosymbionts %K trematodes %XDreissena polymorpha were dissected and examined for endosymbionts from 17 waterbodies in Belarus — the country through whose waterways zebra mussels invaded Western Europe nearly two centuries ago. Fourteen types of parasites and other symbionts were observed within the mantle cavity and/or associated with internal tissues, including ciliates (Conchophthirus acuminatus, Ancistrumina limnica, and Ophryoglena sp.), trematodes (Echinostomatidae, Phyllodistomum, Bucephalus polymorphus, and Aspidogaster), nematodes, oligochaetes, mites, chironomids, and leeches. Species composition of endosymbionts differed among river basins and lake systems. The most common endosymbiont was the ciliate C. acuminatus. Its mean infection intensity varied significantly among waterbodies from 67 ± 6 to 3,324 ± 556 ciliates/mussel.
Plants of Pseudoscleropodium purum, a moss native to central and western Europe, are well established in western, central, and eastern New York State, mainly in lawns of cemeteries, especially those with moist clayey soil, shade provided by conifers (Picea abies, Thuja occidentalis) in small groves, and periodic mowing. Male and female plants occur in Rensselaer County, New York cemeteries, but not in the same ones. Sporophytes have not been found, and reproduction appears to occur vegetatively as plants are cut and spread during lawn maintenance. If spore production is established within the naturalized range of this moss in the northeastern United States, the species may become more widespread, and possibly invasive. While the date and method of introduction into the State of New York are unknown, a 19th century specimen of P. purum from the West Coast of North America indicates that the moss may have reached that region as packing material in the late-1800's.
%B The Bryologist %V 103 %P 98-103 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/3244919 %0 Book Section %B Taming the Taxonomy: Toward a New Understanding of Great Lakes Archaeology %D 1999 %T Exotic Ceramics at Madisonville: Implications for Interaction %A P. B. Drooker %E Williamson, R. F. %E Watts, C. M. %K anthropology %B Taming the Taxonomy: Toward a New Understanding of Great Lakes Archaeology %I Eastendbooks %C Toronto, Ontario %P 71-82 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands %D 1998 %T Explaining Earthen Enclosures %A R. C. Mainfort Jr. %A Sullivan, L. P. %E R. C. Mainfort Jr. %E Sullivan, L. P. %K anthropology %B Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands %S Florida Museum of Natural History, Ripley P. Bullen Series %I University Press of Florida %C Gainesville, %P 1-16 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands %D 1998 %T Explaining Earthen Enclosures %A R. C. Mainfort Jr. %A Sullivan, L. P. %E R. C. Mainfort Jr. %E Sullivan, L. P. %K anthropology %B Ancient Earthen Enclosures of the Eastern Woodlands %S Florida Museum of Natural History, Ripley P. Bullen Series %I University Press of Florida %C Gainesville, Florida %P 1-16 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology %D 1995 %T Earthworks and Mortuary Sites on Lake Erie: Believe it or Not at the Ripley Site %A Sullivan, L. P. %A Neusius, S. W. %A Neusius, P. D. %K earthworks %K Iroquoian archaeology %K mortuary sites %K New York %XThis study is based upon the identification of 336 bird bones from the Fa'ahia archaeological site, Huahine, French Polynesia. The bones represent birds that were killed for their flesh, feathers, or bones by prehistoric Polynesians. The radiocarbon ages of excavated strata at Fa'ahia range from about 1140 ± 90 to 770 ± 90 yr B.P. The bird bones represent 15 species of resident seabirds, 15 species of resident landbirds, four migrant species, and one introduced species. The only extinct seabird is a gull, Larus new species, although locally extirpated seabirds are Puffinus pacificus, Puffinus nativitatis, Puffinus lherminieri, Pterodroma rostrata, Pterodroma alba, Pterodroma arminjoniana, Sula leucogaster, Sula sula, Fregata minor, Fregata ariel, and Anous minutus. Extinct landbirds are Gallirallus new species, Gallicolumba nui, Macropygia arevarevauupa, Vini vidivici, Vini cf. sinotoi, and Aplonis diluvialis. Locally extirpated landbirds are Ardeola striata, Porzana tabuensis, Gallicolumba erythroptera, Ducula galeata, Ducula aurorae, and Acrocephalus caffer. The bones from Fa'ahia increase the seabird and landbird fauna of Huahine, from the historically known 3 to 15 species and from 7 to 18 species, respectively. Thus the number of species from Huahine is even greater than those from nearby Tahiti, which has a much greater land area and elevation. The occurrence of so many extinct or extirpated species of birds at the Fa'ahia site suggests that this site represents a very early phase of human occupation on Huahine, probably no more than 500 years after the first arrival of people on this previously undisturbed island ecosystem.
Six archaeological sites up to 1000 years old on Aitutaki, Cook Islands, have yielded bones of 15 species of birds, five of which no longer occur on the island: Pterodroma rostrata (Tahiti Petrel); Sula sula (Red-footed Booby); Dendrocygna, undescribed sp. (a large, extinct whistling duck); Porzana tabuensis (Sooty Crake); and Vini kuhlii (Rimatara Lorikeet). Of these, only S. sula and P. tabuensis survive anywhere in the Cook Islands Today. The nearest record of any species of Dendrocygna is in Fiji. Aside from the aquatic species Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Heron) and Anas superciliosa (Gray Duck), the only native, resident land bird on Aitutaki today is the Society Islands Lorikeet (Vini peru viana), which may have been introduced from Tahiti. Residents of Aitutaki note that Ducula pacifica (Pacific Pigeon) and Ptilinopus rarotongensis (Cook Islands Fruit-Dove) also occurred there until the 1940s or 1950s.There is no indigenous forest on Aitutaki today. The bones from Aitutaki also include the island's first record of the fruit bat Pteropus tonganus. Limestone caves on the island of Atiu yielded the undated bones of six species of birds, three of which no longer exist there or anywhere else in the Cook Islands: Gallicolumba erythroptera (Society Islands Ground-Dove), Ducula aurorae (Society Islands Pigeon), and Vini kuhlii. Each of these species has been recovered from prehistoric sites on Mangaia as well. The limestone terrain of Atiu is mostly covered with native forest that supports populations of Ducula pacifica, Ptilinopus rarotongensis, Collocalia sawtelli (Atiu Swiftlet), and Halcyon tuta (Chattering Kingfisher). The survival of these land birds depends upon protection of Atiu's forests.
%B Pacific Science %V 45 %P 325-347 %G eng %U http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/1400/1/v45n4-325-347.pdf %0 Book Section %B Global Climate Change and Life on Earth %D 1991 %T Extinction of Species: Past, Present, and Future %A D. W. Steadman %E Wyman, R. L. %K biology %B Global Climate Change and Life on Earth %I Routledge %C New York, New York %P 156-169 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Archaeology in Oceania %D 1990 %T Excavations at the Ureia Site, Aitutaki, Cook Islands: Preliminary Results %A Allen, M. S. %A D. W. Steadman %K anthropology %XEmpirical models of zooplankton biomass (rotifer, crustacean, and rotifer + crustacean biomass) in relation to selected morphometric (depth, surface area, flushing rate, and watershed area) and chemical variables were developed for 20 Adirondack lakes. The chemical variables were selected to characterize acidity status (pH, acid neutralizing capacity, and aluminum concentrations), trophic status (total phosphorus, chlorophyll a, phytoplankton biovolume, and Secchi depth), and humic influences (with dissolved organic carbon and color serving as surrogates of humic materials). Additional independent variables included major cations and anions (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO4 −), specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. Zooplankton biomass averaged 85.2 mg/m3 in the study lakes. Crustacean biomass accounted for an average of 65.9 mg/m3 and rotifer biomass for 19.4 mg/m3. Rotifer biomass was a significant component of zooplankton biomass in many circumneutral as well as acidic Adirondack lakes. The relative importance of rotifer biomass–as a percentage of total zooplankton biomass–could be predicted from an empirical relationship including the log of chlorophyll a, the log of monomeric aluminum, and true color as independent variables (R2 = .70). Rotifer biomass was particularly important in acidic lakes largely as a result of crustacean zooplankton loss rather than enhanced rotifer biomass. The best fit rotifer biomass empirical model included the log of total phosphorus and maximum depth as predictor variables (R2 = .69). Crustacean biomass was best described by a relationship that included the log of monomeric aluminum, the log of chlorophyll a, and the log of dissolved organic carbon (R2 = .70). The best fit empirical model for total zooplankton biomass was a combination of the above models including all the above independent variables except total phosphorus. This model, reflecting the interactions of acidity and productivity status and humic influences, accounted for 74 percent of the lake to lake variability in mean zooplankton biomass.
%B Lake and Reservoir Management %V 51 %P 91-97 %G eng %U http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07438148909354403 %R 10.1080/07438148909354403 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Archaeological Science %D 1989 %T Extinction of birds in Eastern Polynesia: A Review of the Record, and Comparisons with other Pacific Island Groups %A D. W. Steadman %K anthropology biology %X(1) the period of human occupation is shorter (200 versus 2000 or 3000 years);
(2) human populations have been much lower because of the less hospitable terrain, including many islands that have never been inhabited;
(3) Galapagos birds never have been a major source of food for humans;
(4) the Galapagos avifauna has been given legal protection for the past three decades;
(5) introduced birds are absent on most islands;
(6) introduced mammals and plants are scarce or absent on many islands.
The parasites of Simuliidae and their ecology are discussed in the following framework: (1) Aspects of the host-parasite system (approaches to invading the host; commencement of infection; maintenance of stability of parasitic and black fly populations; host specificity, including a table summarizing ranges of mermithid, fungal, protozoal and viral parasites among simuliid genera); (2) Physiological host-parasite interactions (location of infection within or on simuliid hosts, with a table listing this for protozoal, fungal, viral and mite parasites; effects on the black fly by the parasite, also summarized in a table; effect of the black fly on the parasite); (3) Dispersal of parasites; (4) Alternate hosts; and (5) Conclusions.
%B Black Flies: Ecology, Population Management, and Annotated World List %I Penn. State Univ. Press %C University Park, Pennsylvania %P 315-326 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of the American Institute for Conservation %D 1986 %T An Evaluation of Ortho-Phenyl Phenol as a Fungicidal Fumigant for Archives and Libraries %A J. H. Haines %A Kohler, S. A. %K biology %XO-phenyl phenol (OPP) was evaluated in tests designed to simulate its proposed use as a fumigant by archives and libraries to control fungus growth. It was compared with thymol (isopropyl-meta-cresol) for its ability to render the spores of seven species of common fungi non-viable, and it was found that although each fumigant had the ability to stop or retard fungus growth, neither was totally effective in preventing fungus spores from germinating.
%B Journal of the American Institute for Conservation %V 25 %P 49-55 %G eng %U http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/019713686806028078 %R 10.1179/019713686806028078 %0 Journal Article %J Archaeology of Eastern North America %D 1984 %T Evidence of Early Holocene Occupations in the Upper Susquehanna Valley, New York State %A Funk, R. E. %A Wellman, B. %K anthropology %XAnalyses of four years of in situ sulfate uptake by microplankton communities in two,trophically different lakes showed that about 12% of the experiments had dark uptake equal to or higher than uptake at ambient light. Three axenic algal cultures subjected to different light intensities showed that sulfate uptake patterns, relative to primary productivity, vary with species and although sulfate uptake tends to decrease at lower light levels, at or very near darkness, in physiologically active (young) cultures sulfate uptake frequently increases dramatically. The field data, when summarized according to the light received, shows the same trends seen in the axenic cultures. It is concluded that sulfate uptake is only loosely associated with inorganic carbon uptake (primary productivity) and that under some circumstances a low level of light may increase the sulfate uptake rate.
%B Hydrobiologia %V 79 %P 121-127 %G eng %U http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00006118 %R 10.1007/BF00006118 %0 Report %D 1981 %T Endangered and Threatened Plants %A C. J. Sheviak %E Illinois Department of Conservation %K biology %B Endangered and Threatened Species of Illinois %C Springfield, Illinois %P 70-179 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Invertebrate Pathology %D 1981 %T Effects of Temperature and Instar on the Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus Strain 1593 Against Aedes stimulans Larvae %A Wraight, S. P. %A D. P. Molloy %A H. Jamnback %A McCoy, P. %K Aedes stimulans %K Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593 %K Bacillus thuringiensis var %K Biological control %K israelensis %XCulex pipiens pipiens and C. salinarius were found equally susceptible in laboratory tests to Bacillus sphaericus strain 1593 with LC50 values for the four instars ranging between 20 and 137 ppb (approximately 820 and 5600 spores/ml). Tests against field collected C. p. pipiens larvae revealed a regularly decreasing susceptibility with increasing larval age, the first instars being between 2 and 5 times more susceptible than fourth instars. In contrast, no significant differences in the susceptibility of second, third, and fourth instars were found in tests of laboratory reared larvae.
%B The Canadian Entomologist %V 113 %P 379-386 %G eng %U http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8542389&fileId=S0008347X0001912X %R 10.4039/Ent113379-5 %0 Journal Article %J Bulletin, Journal of the New York State Archaeological Association %D 1979 %T The Early and Middle Archaic in New York as Seen from the Upper Susquehanna River Valley, New York %A Funk, R. E. %K anthropology %XBrennan has provided us with a position paper designed to elicit our responses on the Early Archaic period
as currently known in New York State. I will address my remarks to some of the issues he raises and will also
consider other aspects of the subject in the light of contributions made by our current program of research in the
Upper Susquehanna Valley.
This paper is concerned chiefly with the following problems:
1) The identifying or diagnostic traits of Early to Middle Archaic complexes;
2) The external relationships of these complexes;
3) Relative and absolute chronology, i.e. the position of traits and complexes in the northeastern
developmental sequence and their age in 14C years;
4) The geographic distribution of traits and complexes in relation to possible routes of migration
or diffusion;
5) The density or abundance of surviving lithic remains as compared to other periods, with
implications for estimates of population size.
The presence of up to 500 μg sulfur·l−1 of an equimolar mixture of cysteine and methionine had virtually no effect on the SO42- uptake rate of Navicula pelliculosa, (Bréb.) Hilse whereas the rate of Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Corda) Ralfs was decreased by the presence of 500 μg S· l−1 and Anabaena flos-aquae (Lyngbye) Bréb. by 50 μg S·l−1. Primary productivity in these axenic cultures was affected (decreased) only in A. falcatus. The C:S uptake ratio was lowest in N. pelliculosa and highest in A. falcatus. Considering these species as representative of groups of naturally occurring algae, patterns of SO42- uptake and primary productivity in a eutrophic and a moderately oligotrophic lake reflected the results of the algal culturing experiments: SO42- uptake rates, relative to primary productivity, were higher in the presence of diatoms and bluegreen algae and lower when green algae were present; the addition of the cysteine I methionine mixture to the lake waters decreased the rate of microplankton SO42- uptake in correlation with the makeup of the algal community; primary productivity decreased upon the addition of cysteine I methionine when green algae were relatively abundant. It is concluded that, in most fresh water systems, the effects of organic sulfur pollution on algal SO42- uptake and primary productivity are insignificant as compared to other ecological changes that occur due to that pollution.
%B Journal of Phycology %V 15 %P 284-288 %G eng %U http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1979.00284.x/abstract %R 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1979.00284.x %0 Book Section %B Archaeology and Geochronology of the Susquehanna and Schoharie Regions: Proceedings of the Yager Conference %D 1977 %T The Earliest Aboriginal Occupations of New York State %A Funk, R. E. %E Cole, J. %E Godfrey, L. %K anthropology %B Archaeology and Geochronology of the Susquehanna and Schoharie Regions: Proceedings of the Yager Conference %I Hartwick College %C Oneonta, New York %P 32-40 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Amerinds and their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America %D 1977 %T Early Cultures in the Hudson Drainage Basin %A Funk, R. E. %E Newman, W. S. %E Salwen, B. %K anthropology %B Amerinds and their Paleoenvironments in Northeastern North America %S Annals %I New York Academy of Sciences %P 316-332 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Current Perspectives in Northeastern Archeology: Essays in Honor of William A. Ritchie %D 1977 %T Early to Middle Archaic Occupations in Upstate New York %A Funk, R. E. %E Funk, R. E. %E C. F. Hayes III %K anthropology %B Current Perspectives in Northeastern Archeology: Essays in Honor of William A. Ritchie %S Researches and Transactions %I New York State Archaeological Association %C Rochester and Albany, New York %P 21-29 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 1976 %T An Edrioasteroid from the Guilmette Formation at Wendover, Utah-Nevada %A Bell, B. M. %A Petersen, M. S. %K paleontology %B Journal of Paleontology %V 50 %P 577-589 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area %D 1975 %T An Evaluation from the New York State Perspective %A Funk, R. E. %E Kraft, H. C. %K anthropology %B The Archaeology of the Tocks Island Area %I Seton Hall University Press %C South Orange, New Jersey %P xiii-xv %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Applied Microbiology %D 1975 %T Effects of Three Environmental Variables on Sulfate Uptake by Aerobic Bacteria %A Monheimer, R. H. %K biology %XThe effects of various concentrations of sulfate, organic sulfur, and organic carbon on sulfate uptake by aerobic bacteria were studied using pure cultures growing in a defined medium. Cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Corynebacterium striatum took up sulfate faster when young, but sulfate uptake by Serratia marcescens was faster in older cultures. Organic sulfur was found to decrease sulfate uptake, but at concentrations somewhat higher than occurs in most natural freshwater ecosystems. Low levels of sulfate can theoretically directly limit bacterial biomass production but such limitation probably does not occur in natural systems. Evidence is presented which indirectly links the uptake of sulfate and organic carbon, adding credibility to the proposal that sulfate uptake can be used as an indicator of microbial biomass production in freshwater ecosystems.
%B Applied Microbiology %V 30 %P 975-981 %G eng %U http://aem.asm.org/content/30/6/975.short %0 Magazine Article %D 1975 %T The Eighth Wonder %A J. L. Scherer %K history %B Naho %V 8 %P 6-9 %G eng %0 Magazine Article %D 1974 %T ERTS 1 Imagery as a Tool in Regional Geological Studies and Teaching %A Y. W. Isachsen %K geology %B Empire State Geogram %V 10 %P 5-11 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Agricultural Meteorology %D 1974 %T Enhancement of Particle Concentrations Downwind of Vegetative Barriers %A Raynor, G. S. %A Ogden, E. C. %A Hayes, J. V. %K biology %XDispersion of pollen from local ragweed sources was studied to determine the effect of contributions from such sources upon the pollen concentrations originating in more distant areas. Since ragweed pollen is produced throughout a large region, concentrations measured at any given location represent contributions from many sources at various distances along the past trajectory of the air sampled. A local source may produce concentrations several orders of magnitude above this background in a small downwind region. These concentrations decrease with distance and at some point become insignificant in comparison to background concentrations. Five experimental plots of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) were grown at Brookhaven National Laboratory over a four-year period. Pollen concentrations were measured by arrays of samplers located in concentric rings at several distances from each source. These concentrations were studied in relation to background pollen. The maximum downwind concentration is related to source size. Distances necessary for concentrations to reach specified fractions of background and the areas covered by concentrations greater than specified multiples of background are related to source size, surrounding vegetation, and meteorological conditions. These data should provide guidance to allergists and public health officials in evaluating the importance of local sources.
%B Journal of Allergy %V 41 %P 217-225 %G eng %U http://www.jacionline.org/article/0021-8707%2868%2990044-0/abstract %R 10.1016/0021-8707(68)90044-0 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Economic Entomology %D 1966 %T Experimental Field Techniques Used to Evaluate Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar, Control in New York %A Connola, D. P. %A Lewis, F. B. %A McDonough, J. L. %K biology %XAlthough postspray reduction in egg masses is the standard measure used to evaluate control of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), the method does not provide for observation of treatment effects, or the detection of a mortality not related to treatment. Correlation analyses of egg-mass reduction with spray deposit, mortality among larvae caged with sprayed foliage, 10-minute live larval counts in the field, frass collections, and defoliation readings showed that the 3 last mentioned were significantly correlated with postspray egg-mass deposit.
A study was made of white pine weevil attack occurring on 266 one-tenth acre sample plots of white pine over 16 feet tall in New York. Tree data collected included measure of weevil damage to the main stem in relation to height, and frequency of weevil attack. Plot data included information pertaining to drainage, exposure, elevation, tree growth, tree distortion due to weeviling, silviculture, soil litter, soil characters, and root penetration. Analysis of the data showed that only soil mottling and hardpan were correlated with stand damage, and that there was significantly more weevil damage in stands where these factors occurred in a 3-foot soil profile. Also, there was a direct correlation between weevil attack on the main stem and tree height at time of attack. Frequency of attack reached a peak at the 10- to 20-foot height level and then declined as height increased.
%B Journal of Forestry %V 61 %P 129-137 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Ethnohistory %D 1962 %T Ethnohistory and its Problems %A Fenton, W. N. %K anthropology %B Ethnohistory %V 9 %P 1-23 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/480783 %R 10.2307/480783 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Economic Entomology %D 1962 %T Effects of DDT As Used in Blackfly Larval Control, On Stream Arthropods %A H. Jamnback %A Eabry, H. H. %K biology %XA study of the possible cumulative effects of DDT on arthropods in streams treated for black fly larval control for 5 to 10 years was carried out in 1961. Statistical analysis based on 348 square-foot riffle samples taken in treated and untreated Adirondack Mountain streams indicates that a significantly smaller number of Ephemeroptera and Diptera were present in the regularly treated streams than in those untreated, and that the reduction in overall numbers of arthropods approached hut did not reach a significant level. The numbers of arthropods in 11 regularly treated streams sampled in 1950-52 and again in 1961 were about the same during the two sampling periods.
The ratio of weight to volume to numbers of arthropods was about the same in regularly treated, irregularly treated, and untreated streams sampled in 1961.
A method of testing and evaluating chemicals painted on window screens for control of punkies (Culicoules obsoletus (Meigen)) in dwellings consisted of using test chambers made from small cartons with one end covered by transparent plastic and the other end opaque. A screen was placed in the chamber between the light and dark ends. When the adults were introduced into the chamber at the dark end they quickly migrated to the light end passing through the treated screens. A 7.7% marathon-alcohol solution painted on screens killed Culicoides adults that had passed through them in less than an hour while a 10% DDT-oil solution required several hours before an appreciable mortality occurred. The malathion-painted screens were still highly effective in killing exposed punkies 21 days after treatment.
After many years of study of the graptolite zones of the slate belt of eastern New York, Ruedemann became convinced that the bedded cherts represent more than a mere phase of the shale, and that the problem of their origin is one for detailed study, together with the question of the depth of deposition. Accordingly, their relative abundance, their stratigraphic position, their petrographic structure, and their paleontologic content have been the subject of special investigation. These studies disclose a radiolarian fauna in the chert, that suggests, for the chert and the accompanying graptolite shales, a syngenetic colloidal origin and deposition in the deeper reaches of the geosyncline.
%B Geological Society of America Bulletin %V 47 %P 1535-1586 %G eng %U http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/47/10/1535.short %R 10.1130/GSAB-47-1535 %0 Book %B New York State Museum Handbook %D 1936 %T Ecology of the Birds of Quaker Run Valley, Allegany State Park, New York %A Saunders, A. A. %K biology %B New York State Museum Handbook %I The University of the State of New York %C Albany, New York %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Paleontology %D 1935 %T Ecology of Black Mud Shales of Eastern New York %A Ruedemann, R. %K paleontology %X